Ligand exchange thermochromic systems and high ε ligands for same

ABSTRACT

Ligand exchange of thermochromic, LETC, systems exhibiting a reversible change in absorbance of electromagnetic radiation as the temperature of the system is reversibly changed are described. The described LETC systems include one or more than one transition metal ion, which experiences thermally induced changes in the nature of the complexation or coordination around the transition metal ion(s) and, thereby, the system changes its ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation as the temperature changes. 
     In accordance with certain aspects of the present invention, a thermochromic system is disclosed comprising a transition metal ion and a ligand wherein the ligand comprises a nitrogen-containing five or six membered heterocyclic compound that coordinates through the nitrogen atom to the transition metal ion in a HεMLC formed between the transition metal ion and the ligand. 
     In accordance with other aspects of the present invention, thermochromic systems are disclosed comprising a transition metal ion with particularly useful ligands, such as phosphine compounds, tridentate ligands that coordinate through three nitrogen atoms, bidentate ligands, or ortho hindered pyridine monodentate ligands.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/841,827 filed on Sep. 1, 2006, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

DEFINITION OF TERMS/ABBREVIATIONS

-   (4-MeOPh)₂PO₂ ⁻=bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphinate -   18-crown-6=1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane -   1-EtBIMZ=1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole -   1-MeBIMZ=1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole -   4-(3-PhPr)Pyr=4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine) -   acac=acetylacetonate -   BIMZ=benzimidazole -   Bu₃PO=tributylphosphine oxide -   CF₃ COOLi=lithium trifluoroacetate -   Di-TMOLP=di-trimethylolpropane -   DMSO=dimethylsulphoxide -   DP=dipyridyl=2,2′-bipyridine -   EG=ethylene glycol -   EXM=Exchange Metal -   HεL=high molar absorption coefficient ligand=high epsilon ligand -   HεMLC=high molar absorption coefficient MLC=high epsilon MLC -   LETC=ligand exchange thermochromic(s) -   LεL=low molar absorption coefficient ligand=low epsilon ligand -   LεMLC=low molar absorption coefficient MLC=low epsilon MLC -   m=molal=moles of solute per kilogram of solvent -   M=molar=moles of solute per liter of solution -   Me=metal ion -   MLC=metal-ligand complex -   N-Bu-di(1-MeBIMZ-2-yl-methyl)amine=N,N-bis[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]butanamine -   NIR=near infrared -   nm=nanometer -   NPG=neopentyl glycol=2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol -   N—Pr-dipicolylamine=N,N-bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)propan-1-amine -   N—Pr-DPamine=NL propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine -   Ph₃P═PPh₃=triphenylphosphine -   PVB=poly(vinyl butyral) -   R/O=Ring Opening TC Compound -   SRT™=sunlight responsive thermochromic -   TBABr=tetrabutylammonium bromide -   TBACl=tetrabutylammonium chloride -   TBAI=tetrabutylammonium iodide -   TC=thermochromic(s) -   TEACl.H₂O=tetraethylammonium chloride monohydrate -   TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine -   TMOLP=trimethylolpropane=2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol -   TTCTD=1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane -   UV=ultraviolet -   Y=% white light transmission based on 20 exposure of a D₆₅ light     source -   ε=molar absorption coefficient=molar absorptivity, in     liters/(mole*cm) -   γ-BL=gamma-butyrolactone -   λ=wavelength in nanometers

BACKGROUND

Many chromogenic phenomena are known in which a change in color or a change in light absorption results from some action or stimulus exerted on a system. The most common chromogenic phenomena are electrochromics, (EC), photochromics, (PC), and thermochromics, (TC). Many phenomena are also known in which optical changes, like light scattering or diffuse reflection changes, take place as a result of some action or stimulus exerted on a system. Unfortunately, referring to these as chromic phenomena has led to a fair amount of confusion in the past. We prefer to distinguish light scattering systems from chromogenic systems by referring to the light scattering phenomena as a phototropic, thermotropic or electrotropic phenomena. This distinction and other distinctions are elaborated on below.

In general, and especially for the sake of the patent application, the terms used for an optical phenomena, should relate to the direct, primary action causing the phenomena. For example, modern day electrochromic systems generally involve electrochemical oxidation and reduction reactions. Thus an electrical process directly causes materials to change their light absorbing or light reflecting properties. Alternatively, electrical energy can also be used to generate heat or light and this heat or light, in turn, may be used to affect a thermochromic or a photochromic change. However, the indirect use of electricity should not make these electrochromic phenomena. For example, a thermochromic layer may increase in temperature and light absorption when in contact with a transparent conductive layer which is resistively heated by passing electricity through the transparent conductive layer. However, in accordance with the terminology used herein, this is still a thermochromic device and should not be called an electrochromic device. Also, just because an electric light produced UV radiation that caused a color change by a photochemical reaction, like the ring opening of a spirooxazine compound, that would not make such a procedure a demonstration of electrochromics.

A similar distinction should be made with a thermochromic layer that is responsive to sunlight as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,084,702 and 6,446,402. The thermochromic layer may be heated by absorbing sunlight or being in contact with another layer that absorbs sunlight. Here sunlight exposure changes the color and/or the amount of light absorbed by the thermochromic layer. However, this is still a thermochromic phenomenon because a heat induced temperature change causes the chromogenic change and the same change takes place when the layer is heated by other means. The absorbed photons from the sun are only converted to heat and do not directly cause a photochromic change. Accordingly, the term photochromics should be reserved for systems in which the absorption of a photon directly causes a photochemical or photophysical reaction which gives a change in color or a change in the system's ability to absorb other photons.

In addition to chromogenic systems, there are a variety of systems with reversible changes in light scattering. The more widely studied light scattering systems include: (1) lower critical solution temperature, LCST, polymeric systems; (2) polymer dispersed liquid crystal, PDLC, systems; (3) polymer stabilizer cholesteric texture, PSCT, systems and (4) thermoscattering, TS, systems. Additional description of these and other light scattering phenomena may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,303. In the past, several of these phenomena have been called thermochromic and even electrochromic. From our standpoint these phenomena are neither thermochromic nor electrochromic since the word chroma relates to color and the intensity and quality of color. These are better termed thermotropic or electrotropic to help indicate the change in state that takes place.

Definitions rarely cover every eventuality, especially when it comes to borderline cases. Hence electrochemical systems that change from colorless and non-light scattering to specularly reflecting are still generally termed electrochromic because of the electrochemical nature of these processes. Also, some thermochromic systems involve changes between liquid and solid phases and could conceivably be called thermotropic systems. But these systems have dramatic changes in light absorption and are still termed thermochromic. On the other side, some reversible light scattering systems may have some spectral selectivity to the light scattering and hence give rise to some color appearance. Yet the primary change is between light scattering and non-light scattering states. Even the change in some systems from colorless and non-light scattering to a frosted, diffusely reflecting and white appearance might suggest a color change to the color white. However, we still term these tropic and not chromic changes.

In summary, systems without any substantial change in light scattering, that primarily involve a change in color, intensity of color or absorption of light, as well as those electrochemical and thermochemical phenomena that give a change in specular reflectance, are herein understood to be chromic or chromogenic phenomena. One of these chromic phenomena—thermochromics, as defined herein, is the subject of the present invention.

Many thermochromic materials and phenomena are known. These include reversible and irreversible changes in optical character. A well known thermochromic phenomena, for use with windows, involves metal oxide thin films. Most notably films of VO₂, and doped versions thereof, are known to reversibly change their specular reflectance in the NIR with changes in temperature. Thermochromic processes with changes in light absorption are observed when heating causes: (1) an increase in the amount of ring opening of certain spiro compounds; (2) the dissociation of certain anions from certain triarylmethane dyes or (3) the dissociation of certain “dimeric” substances into highly absorbing “monomeric” free radicals. Thermochromic phenomena are also involved in phase change systems which change from highly absorbing to colorless or nearly colorless when certain pH indicators change their association with certain weak acids during a melting or solidification process.

Still other reversible thermochromic systems involve thermally induced changes in the way ligands associate with transition metal ions. The present application discloses particularly useful versions of these metal-ligand thermochromic systems and combinations of these systems with other thermochromic systems.

SUMMARY

In accordance with certain aspects of the present invention, a thermochromic system is disclosed comprising a transition metal ion and a ligand wherein the ligand comprises a nitrogen-containing five or six membered heterocyclic compound that coordinates through the nitrogen atom to the transition metal ion in a HεMLC formed between the transition metal ion and the ligand.

In accordance with other aspects of the present invention, thermochromic systems are disclosed comprising a transition metal ion with ligands such as phosphine compounds, tridentate ligands that coordinate through three nitrogen atoms, bidentate ligands, or ortho hindered pyridine monodentate ligands.

The thermochromic systems of the present application are, herein, termed: ligand exchange thermochromic, LETC, systems. LETC systems have thermochromic activity which results in a reversible change in absorbance of electromagnetic radiation as the temperature of the system is reversibly changed. That the change is reversible means that the amount of change in absorbance remains fairly consistent, for both the increase and decrease in absorbance throughout a given temperature range, on repeated temperature cycling, for some useful number of cycles. The thermochromic systems of this invention have a reversible, net increase in their ability to absorb light energy in the visible and/or NIR range as the temperature of the system is increased and a net decrease in their ability to absorb light energy in the visible and/or NIR range as the temperature of the system decreases for temperatures within the active range of the system. The active temperature range of the system is determined by the thermodynamic properties of the LETC reactions. For many of our applications the active temperature range includes 0 to 100 degrees Celsius.

LETC systems comprise one or more than one transition metal ion, which experiences thermally induced changes in the nature of the complexation or coordination around the transition metal ion(s) and thereby the system changes its ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation as the temperature changes.

In accordance with particularly useful systems described herein, the electromagnetic radiation, for which absorbance changes occur, is in the visible and NIR portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Some of the systems described herein also exhibit changes in absorbance in the ultraviolet. The change in light absorption on heating of the LETC systems generally results in a change from one color to another color and/or a darkening of the color of the system. However, if the increase in light absorption is predominantly in the NIR, the LETC system may still be very useful even though little or no visual color change occurs.

The term visible light generally applies to that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum sensed by the human eye. While some definitions might limit the terms “light” and/or “photon” to the visible portion of a spectrum produced by a source of electromagnetic radiation, for the purposes of this patent application, the terms “light” and “photon” also apply to the near ultraviolet and near infrared portions of the spectra, incident on the earth's surface, from sources of electromagnetic radiation like the sun. The wavelengths of ultraviolet light of interest are from about 280 nanometers to about 400 nanometers. The wavelengths of the visible light of interest are from about 400 nanometers to about 700 nanometers. The wavelengths of NIR light of interest for our LETC systems are from about 700 nanometers to about 1400 nanometers. Thus the visible through NIR range wherein reversible net light energy absorbance increases are of interest is from about 400 nm to about 1400 nm.

The energy of each photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength and is determined by Planck's constant multiplied by the frequency of that photon. As a LETC system is heated, at least one light absorbing species decreases in concentration thereby decreasing the system's ability to absorb photons related to its absorption spectra. At the same time, at least one light absorbing species increases in concentration thereby increasing the system's ability to absorb photons related to its absorption spectra. The ratio of the amount of energy absorbed to the amount incident on the system depends on several factors including (1) the absorption spectra of the LETC system at a given temperature; (2) the intensity and spectral distribution of the light source and (3) the exposure time.

For certain LETC systems disclosed and for the particular applications thereof, as the temperature of the LETC system increases there is an increase in the ratio of [the total energy per unit time of all visible and NIR electromagnetic radiation, (photons), absorbed by the system] to [the total energy per unit time of all visible and NIR electromagnetic radiation, (photons), incident on the system] from a broad band source of electromagnetic radiation incident on the system. For particularly useful applications of the LETC systems or layers disclosed herein, there is a net increase in the ability of the system to absorb incident visible and NIR sunlight power, (or energy over time), as the temperature of the system increases. In most cases, this means that the LETC systems become darker in color as the temperature of the systems increase.

The LETC systems may be liquid solutions, solid polymer layers, or semi-solid polymer layers, physical gels or chemical gels.

The present application discloses LETC systems, ligands, particularly useful compositions and combinations of LETC systems.

The present application describes high performance TC systems based on iron, cobalt, nickel and copper ions with a variety of ligands.

The present application describes LETC systems with advantageous ratios of ligand to metal ion concentrations and particularly useful systems with respect to the choice of solvent and/or polymer matrix.

The present application discloses high performance TC systems in combination with a seal which minimizes the ingress of oxygen.

LETC systems by themselves and in combination with other thermochromic systems and compositions are disclosed.

Also described herein are processes for producing thermochromic layers and novel structures for the use of LETC systems in various applications.

Described herein are applications of LETC systems in variable light transmission windows for residential and commercial buildings including skylights and atrium glazing and variable light absorption windows for boats, ships, aircraft and motor vehicles including moon roofs and sun roofs. The windows may include artful designs of different colored LETC systems like a variable light transmission stained glass window.

The systems disclosed herein are particularly useful in providing the thermochromic activity in the inventions disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,084,702 and 6,446,402, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TC Systems and MLC Systems

Thermochromic systems that involve reversible changes in the association of ligands with transition metals have been described previously. Many of these, along with other types of inorganic thermochromic materials, are described in “Inorganic Thermochromism” by K. Sone and Y. Fukuda, Springer-Verlag (1987) and the references therein.

Other literature that describes thermochromics involving transition metal ions is found in:

-   Jesse Day, “Chromogenic Materials, Electrochromic and Thermochromic”     in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 3^(rd) Edition     Volume 6, pp 129-142, John Wiley and Sons (1979). -   Charles Greenberg, “Chromogenic Materials (Thermochromic)”     Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 4^(th) Edition     Volume 6, pp 337-343, John Wiley and Sons. -   “Thermochromism of Inorganic Compounds”, J. H. Day, Chemical Reviews     68, 649-657 (1968)

There is extensive literature on MLC's apart from TC technology; see for example:

-   “Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy” by A. B. P. Lever, Elsevier     Publishing Co. (1968) and (1984). -   “Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactions,     Properties & Applications of Coordination Compounds” Editors R. D.     Gillard and G. Wilkinson, Elsevier Ltd. (1987) -   “Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II From Biology to     Nanotechnology”, Editors J. A. McClevety and T. A Meyer, Elsevier     Ltd. (2004)

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1-46 are absorption spectra for the systems described in Examples 1-46, respectively;

FIG. 47 is a plot of K_(eq) (85 C) to K_(eq) (25 C) as a function of ΔH°;

FIG. 48 shows the influence of ΔS° on Absorbance and Temperature;

FIG. 49 shows the temperature dependence of Absorbance for various ratios of [HεL_(T)]/[M_(T)];

FIG. 50 is a plot of Transmission of SRT™ vertically positioned windows based on time of day and direction;

FIG. 51-57 are absorption spectra for the systems described in Examples 279-285, respectively; and

FIG. 58 is the spectral data for Example 294.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The term “substituted” as in “substituted alkyl” and the like, means that in the group in question, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon atom is replaced with one or more substituent groups, such as hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, phosphino, amino, halo, silyl, and the like. When the term “substituted” introduces a list of possible substituted groups, it is intended that the terms apply to every member of that group.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, more particularly containing 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The term “aryl” as used herein refers to a group containing an aromatic ring. Aryl groups herein include groups containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, linked covalently, or linked to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety. In particular embodiments, aryl substitutents include 6 to about 50 atoms other than hydrogen, typically 6 to about 20 atoms other than hydrogen. Furthermore, the term “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group typically containing from 7 to 20 carbon atoms.

The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocyclic” refer to a cyclic group, including ring-fused systems, including heteroaryl groups as defined below, in which one or more carbon atoms in a ring is replaced with a heteroatom—that is, an atom other than carbon, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron or silicon. Heterocycles and heterocyclic groups include saturated and unsaturated moieties, including heteroaryl groups as defined below. The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group that includes one or more heteroatoms in the aromatic ring.

LETC activity is observed when a temperature change causes the association of ligands with transition metal ions to change or exchange in such a way that a variation in the UV, visible and/or the NIR light absorption of the system occurs giving a reversible net increase in the system's ability to absorb visible and/or NIR light energy as the temperature is increased. A LETC system includes, at least, one type of transition metal ion and at least two types of ligands. Unless the ligands function as the entire solvent, the system also includes some other type of solvent for the transition metal ion and the ligands so that they are together in a liquid or a solid solution.

The solvent may be an aqueous, nonaqueous or ionic liquid; a plasticizer; a polymer; some additive(s) dissolved in a polymer; the matrix portion or phase of an organic, inorganic or hybrid gel; the liquid portion or phase of a gel; or some combination of these acting as co-solvents. The solution may be a free flowing or a viscous liquid, a non free flowing or thixotropic gel, or a solid or a semi-solid polymer. All of these solvents provide enough mobility for the ligands to transfer in and out of coordination with transition metal ions.

The present application describes various LETC systems in which remarkable amounts of transition metal salts, ligand salts, non-ionic ligands and other key additives are all dissolved at the same time in solid polymer layers and remain in solution over the temperature range of interest of use. Not only can such solutions be prepared, but select systems have been discovered that neither form precipitates nor do the layers develop haze over prolonged periods at elevated temperatures, during numerous temperature cycles or during extensive exposure to sunlight or simulated sunlight.

In the LETC systems of interest, transition metal ions in solution are either solvated, complexed, coordinated or ligated by ions and/or molecules. The ions and/or molecules in the primary coordination sphere of the metal ion are often referred to as ligands. For the purpose of the present application, any ion or molecule that either solvates, complexes, coordinates, ligates or directly interacts with a metal ion, in such a way that it impacts the light absorption character of the system, is referred to as a ligand. Also any transition metal ion in solution is considered to be in a complex or coordination compound even if the coordinating power of the solvent or other ligands is relatively weak. Typically, the transition metal is in the form of a cation.

When a transition metal ion is surrounded by certain ligands, a “metal-ligand complex”, (MLC), may be formed which has low molar absorptivity throughout the visible and NIR range. This MLC is, herein, referred to as a “low MLC”, (LεMLC). When the same transition metal ion is surrounded by other ligands, a MLC may be formed which has a higher level of molar absorptivity somewhere in the visible and NIR spectral region. This MLC is, herein, referred to as a “high ε MLC”, (HεMLC). The LεMLC and the HεMLC may absorb at the same or some of the same wavelengths or at substantially different wavelengths. Both the LεMLC and the HεMLC generally absorb fairly strongly in the UV, and while changes in the amount and the wavelengths of UV light absorbed may be useful aspects of the LETC process the primary applications involve changes in the visible and NIR absorption ability. The ε in these designations refers to the molar absorption coefficient or molar absorptivity of the MLC in solution. The units of liters/(mole*cm) are used for E. HεMLC's have an ε of greater than or equal to 50 liters/(mole*cm) at some or at least one wavelength between 400 nm and 1400 nm. LεMLC's have an ε of less than 50 liters/(mole*cm) for all wavelengths between 400 nm and 1400 nm.

Any ligand in a LεMLC is, herein, referred to as a low ε ligand, LεL. Any ligand in a HεMLC is, herein, referred to as a high ε ligand, HεL. When a ligand is not coordinated to a transition metal in a LεMLC or a HεMLC, the determination of whether or not the ligand is a LεL or HεL is not so clear sometimes. Thus for the sake of the present disclosure, the determination of ligand type is made by the side on which the ligand appears in the main or predominant equilibrium reaction equation of the LETC system. A ligand, not coordinated to a metal ion, that appears on the same side of an equilibrium equation as the LεMLC(s) is a HεL. A ligand, not coordinated to a metal ion, that appears on the same side of an equilibrium equation as the HεMLC(s) is a LεL. This is illustrated by the following equation: LεMLC+yHεL

HεMLC+xLεL  (1) wherein x and y are numeric variables that designate the number of LεL and HεL, respectively. While most ligands are predominately used as a HεL or predominately used as a LεL, there are exceptions which will be illustrated in the section below on “LETC Reaction Equilibria” and in Table 27.

We understand that a LETC process occurs, as the temperature is raised, because a decrease in LεMLC concentration and an increase in HεMLC concentration takes place by a change in association of the ligands with the transition metal ion(s) in the MLC(s). Thus, an increase in temperature causes the number of transition metal ions in LεMLC(s) to decrease and the number of transition metal ions in HεMLC(s) to increase. This results in a decrease in absorption at the wavelengths absorbed by the LεMLC and an increase in absorption at wavelengths absorbed by the HεMLC. For the LETC systems described herein, the result of these MLC transformations is a reversible, net increase in the system's ability to absorb sunlight energy as the temperature is increased.

Some thermochromic systems in the literature are based on the reversible loss and gain of water by a thermochromic layer. However, in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, the water content of the LETC systems of the present invention is kept as low as is reasonably possible. Also, whether or not water is present, it is believed that the LETC processes described herein occur just because of the rearrangements in the way ions and molecules associate and not due to materials lost from or gained by the system. Thus, in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention, all of the active ingredients in the TC system remain in the same solution or layer throughout the operation or use of the system.

For discussions of thermodynamics, molar absorption coefficients, etc. it is convenient to use concentrations in molarity. For molarity we use the definition: “moles of solute per liter of solution” and designate molarity with the symbol, “M”. However, for making up practical formulations it is often convenient to use molality. The molality is independent of temperature whereas molarity is affected by the thermal expansion of the solution. For molality we use the definition: “moles of solute per kilogram of solvent” and designate molality with the symbol, “m”. If concentration is reported in molality, the value for this concentration in molarity for this solution may be determined by measuring the total volume of the solution after it is prepared.

The components of a LETC system include one or more than one type of transition metal ion, one or more than one type of LεL, one or more than one type of HεL and a solvent which provides the medium for the exchange process. The solvent itself may act as a LεL or HεL. Alternatively, the LεL's and/or the HεL's may be a part of the solvent system that helps solubulize other constituents.

Transition Metal Ions

Described herein are many particularly useful LETC systems based on complexes with first row transition metals ions. LETC systems comprising Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and/or Cu(II) ions are disclosed herein. In LETC systems, the transition metal ions are considered electron acceptors. This means that the transition metal ions associate with electron donors in the sense that Lewis acids associate with Lewis bases. This is distinguished from the situation of complete electron transfer to an acceptor in which the acceptor is reduced.

Useful transition metal ion concentrations depend on (1) the desired levels of absorbance and absorbance change, (2) the path length, (layer thickness), of the LETC system, (3) the ε of the LεMLC and (4) the ε of the HεMLC. If the ε of the LεMLC is sufficiently low that its absorbance can be ignored, and A(T_(H), λ) is the desired absorbance at a higher temperature of operation, (T_(H)), at a particular λ, then the metal ion concentration, (in moles per liter), must be equal to or greater than A(T_(H), λ)/(ε(HεMLC, λ)*b). Where b is the path length or layer thickness in centimeters and ε(HεMLC, λ) is the molar absorption coefficient of the HεMLC in liter/(mole*cm) at λ. For example, if an A(T_(H), λ)=1 is desired at an elevated temperature, the ε of the HεMLC is 250 liters/(mole*cm) at λ and the desired layer thickness is 0.05 cm, then the minimum transition metal ion concentration would be 0.08M, for the unlikely event that all the transition metal ion could be shifted into the HεMLC. In practice the transition metal ion concentration would have to be higher than 0.08M and preferably would be greater than or equal to 1.5 times the minimum.

Generally, if the ε of the LεMLC is not too high and a thin TC layer is desired, (as it normally is), then metal ion concentration is made as high as possible while still leaving opportunity to provide enough HεL to give a ratio of [HεL_(T)]/[Me_(T)] greater than 4, where the brackets are used to designate concentration and the subscript T designates the total concentration, in any form in the system, in moles per liter. Thus [HεL_(T)] and [Me_(T)] are the total concentrations of various types of HεL's and various types of Me in the system that could potentially participate in HεMLC's. The upper limit of transition metal ion concentration is determined to some extent by the solubility limit of the transition metal ions in the system, but more often by the solubility limit of the HεL and/or the LεL in the system. For most applications it is desirable that the system remain free of precipitates and haze at all temperatures of use, throughout the useful life of the thermochromic system.

Sources of transition metal ions include: hydrated and anhydrous salts of first row transition metal ions. Other sources are anhydrous complexes and complexes in which the transition metal has a coordination number of four or six in the complex. Particularly useful anions for the transition metal salts and complexes are halides, carboxylates, nitrate, perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, phosphinates, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide, tosylates and tetraarylborates.

Sources of transition metal ions include but are not limited to: chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, cobalt(II) bromide, cobalt(II) chloride, cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate, cobalt(II) iodide, cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate, cobalt(II) tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate, copper(II) acetate monohydrate, copper(II) bromide, copper(II) bromide dihydrate, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) chloride dihydrate, copper(II) nitrate hemipentahydrate, copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate, copper(II) trifluoroacetate hydrate, iron(II) bromide, iron(II) tetrafluoroborate, manganese(II) bromide, manganese(II) nitrate hexahydrate, nickel(II) bis(diisobutyldithiophosphinate), nickel(II) bromide hexahydrate, nickel(II) carbonate hexahydrate, nickel(II) chloride hydrate, nickel(II) cyclohexanebutyrate, nickel(II) iodide, nickel(II) iodide hexahydrate, nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate, nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate, nickel(II) tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate

Particularly useful sources of transition metal ions that are complexes include without limitation:

-   bis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole)diiodonickel(II); -   bis(acetylacetonato)nickel(II); -   copper     bis(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionate); -   copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate hydrate; -   dibromo(1′-ethyl-1-methyl-1H,1′H-2,4′-bibenzimidazole)nickel(II); -   dibromo[2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole)]nickel(II); -   dibromo{6-methyl-N-[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine}nickel(II); -   dibromo[N-butyl-1-ethyl-N-(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine]nickel(II); -   dibromo(N-butyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine)nickel(II); -   dibromo(N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine)nickel(II); -   dibromobis[1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1H-imidazole]nickel(II); -   dibromobis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole)nickel(II); -   dibromobis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole)nickel(II); -   dibromobis(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol)nickel(II); -   dibromobis[2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol]nickel(II); -   dibromobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II); -   dibromotris(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol)nickel(II); -   diiodobis[1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1H-imidazole]nickel(II); -   diiodobis[2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol]nickel(II); -   diiodobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel(II); -   diiodobis(triphenylphosphine)cobalt(II); -   diiodobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II); -   lithium tetrabromonickelate(II); -   nickel(II) bromide-(2-methoxyethyl ether complex); -   nickel(II) bromide-(ethylene glycol dimethyl ether complex); -   tetrabutylammonium tetrabromonickelate(II); -   tetrabutylammonium tetrachloronickelate(II); -   tetrabutylammonium tetraiodonickelate(II); -   tetraethylammonium tetrabromocobaltate(II); -   tetraethylammonium tetrabromonickelate(II); -   tetrabutylammonium triiodo[4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine]nickelate     (II); and -   tetrabutylammonium triiodo(triphenylphosphine)nickelate(II).

The use of metal complexes can be advantageous because just the act of preparing complexes often improves the purity of these sources of transition metal ions. Many simple transition metal salts contain traces of hydroxides, oxides and oxyhydroxides that cause haziness in thermochromic systems prepared from these salts. Complex formation often largely eliminates or avoids these impurities. Also, many of the non-ligating impurities which might be present in a batch of ligand material are often excluded when the complex is formed in the process of synthesizing the complex. Thus ligands added as part of a complex are often more pure than ligands added directly to the rest of the system. While complexes, once prepared, may be further purified, surprisingly we have discovered that just preparing the complexes often eliminates many of the impurity issues that might otherwise detract from preparing stable, high performance thermochromic systems. In addition, these complexes are often less hygroscopic than most simple metal salts which assists in preparing systems with low water content. Even complexes that are hygroscopic are often less prone to forming hydroxides, oxides and oxyhydroxides during storage as compared to metal salts like e.g. simple halide salts. Significant advantages are also realized with the use of complexes since these complexes are usually more readily dispersed and dissolved in polymers in the LETC layer production process. This facilitates the production of uniform composition and uniform performance layers especially in the extrusion processes preferred for making LETC layers.

Types of Ligands in LETC Systems

In LETC systems, the ligands serve as electron donors. This means that the ligands associate with transition metals in the sense that Lewis bases associate with Lewis acids. This is distinguished from the situation of complete electron transfer from a donor in which the donor is oxidized. A definition for HεL's and LεL's is given above. However, a molecule or ion may be a HεL under one set of conditions and a LεL under another set of conditions, and of course vice versa. Thus one must look at the main or predominant equilibrium reaction equation of a LETC system to see if the ligand is a LεL or a HεL.

A given ligand may coordinate to a metal ion at one or more than one site around the metal ion. Ligands that coordinate in a single site are referred to as monodentate and ligands that coordinate in multiple sites are referred to as polydentate. As the names signify, bidentate, tridentate, tetradentate and hexadentate ligands coordinate in two, three, four and six sites, respectively.

Metal ions may be coordinated by ligands of a single type like many well known hexa-aquo coordinated ions in which six water molecules surround a metal ion or when four of a single type of halide anions surround a metal ion as in a tetrahalo-metalate complex. These are known as homoleptic complexes. However, many heteroleptic, (mixed ligand), complexes are known where two or more different ligand types coordinate to the same metal ion at the same time. For example, a heteroleptic complex is formed when the ligands around a single metal ion consist of two iodide ions and two molecules of some type of phosphine compound which coordinates to metal ions through phosphorus. This is illustrated for increases in concentration with increasing temperature for Co(II)I₂(Ph₃P)₂ in FIG. 9 and for Ni(II)I₂(Ph₃P)₂ in FIG. 27. Another example is iodide ions and trifluoroacetate ions coordinated at the same time to Co(II) ions as shown in FIG. 4. Many other TC systems that involve heteroleptic HεMLC's are listed in Table 27.

LεL

The best LεL's promote the formation of LεMLC's with the least amount of absorbance, (lowest ε's), and help promote the highest positive values of ΔH° and ΔS° for the LETC reaction, (as discussed later). They also help solubilize other system components and help provide desirable physical properties to TC layers when the layer involves a polymeric material which comprises the rest of the TC system.

Hydroxyl groups attached to carbon provide LεL functionality. The MLC's, formed by coordination of ligands to transition metals through hydroxyl groups, tend to have some of the lowest values for ε throughout the visible light wavelength range. In general, the useful LεL's for LETC systems include water, diols, triols or polyols. Water is a useful LεL or co-LεL when Fe(II) and/or Cu(II) ions are used in the LETC system. While water is a useful LεL with regard to good thermochromic performance with other transition metal ions, it is to be avoided or limited to low concentrations in most LETC systems because of its relatively low boiling point and its reactive nature. Some diols that are useful as LεL's are represented by the following structure:

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are independently selected from straight, branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl. Some specific examples of the above structure are: 1,3-Cyclohexanediol; 1,1-Bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropane; 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid; 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3-propanediol; 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol; 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol; 2,4-Dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol; 2,4-Pentanediol; 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol; Serinol; 2-Butyl-2-Ethyl-1,3-propanediol; 2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol; 2-Methyl-1,3-propanediol; 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol; 2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol; 2-Methylenepropane-1,3-diol; 2-Phenyl-1,3-propanediol; Cyclohex-3-ene-1,1-diyldimethanol; 3-Methyl-1,3-butanediol; 3-Methyl-2,4-heptanediol; [2-(2-phenylethyl)-1,3-dioxane-5,5-diyl]dimethanol; Neopentyl Glycol; and Trimethylolpropane allyl ether.

Some triols that are useful as LεL's are represented by the following structure:

wherein R is selected from straight, branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl; a nitro group; or a substituted or unsubstituted amino group. Some specific examples of the above structure are: 2,2′-(propane-1,3-diyldiimino)bis[2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol]; 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; Dipentaerythritol; Pentaerythritol; 2-(bromomethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propylpropane-1,3-diol; 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol; 2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol; 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol; Trimethylolpropane; 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol.

Depending on the transition metal ion, the HεL's, the liquid or polymer solvent used in the LETC system, the following list of LεL's may also be useful: Di(Trimethylolpropane); L-Fucose; meso-Erythritol; N-propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; Poly(vinylbutyral); Poly(vinylpyrrolidone); Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol; Tetrahydropyran-2-methanol; Triethanolamine; 1,2,4-Butanetriol; 1,2-phenylenedimethanol; 1,2-Hexanediol; 1,2-Propanediol; cis,cis-1,3,5-Cyclohexanetriol; 1,3,5-Pentanetriol; 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-diol; 1,4-Butanediol; 1,4-Cyclohexanediol; 18-Crown-6; 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-butanediol; 2-Phenyl-1,2-Propanediol; 3-(Diethylamino)-1,2-propanediol; 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)butane-1,4-diol; 3,3-Dimethyl-1,2-butanediol; 3-Hydroxypropionitrile; 3-Methyl-1,3,5-Pentanetriol; 3-Phenoxy-1,2-Propanediol; 4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone; 3-Phenyl-1-propanol; (5-methyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methanol; Bis(methylsulfinyl)methane; Butyl sulfoxide; Diethylene glycol; Diethylformamide; Hexamethylphosphoramide; 3,3′-oxydipropane-1,2-diol; Dimethyl sulfoxide; Ethanol; Ethylene Glycol; Glycerol; Glycolic Acid; 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol; Lithium Salicylate; Lithium Trifluoroacetate; N,N-Dimethylformamide; 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylurea; 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol; Pentaethylene glycol; Pentaerythritol ethoxylate; tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide; Tributylphosphine oxide; Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate; Trimethylolpropane propoxylate; Triphenylphosphine oxide.

When the transition metal ion is Ni(II) and the use of water as a LεL is problematic, α and especially β diols are useful LεL's. A diol is an α diol when two hydroxyl groups are present on adjacent carbons like in 2,3-butantediol. A diol is a β diol when two hydroxyl groups are present on carbons separated by an additional carbon like in 1,3-butanediol. In many cases, these α and β diols act as bidentate ligands and they are more useful than triols because the diols, especially β diols, give higher positive values of ΔH° and ΔS° for LETC reactions involving Ni(II) ions and most HεL's. In most cases the triols act as tridentate ligands and occasionally they are as useful as diols with Ni(II) based systems because lower concentrations of triols are required which may result in easier processing of the systems which involve polymer layers.

In general, triols are useful LεL's for Co(II) ions in applications where the use of water is problematic. Triols may be more useful than diols with Co(II) because the tridentate nature of the triols allows them to better compete for complexation of Co(II) ions and thus form higher performance TC systems which also comprise most HεL's of interest for use with Co(II) ions. With Co(II), the amount of diol required to compete with most HεL's is too high for most practical applications involving LETC systems in polymer layers. If the concentration requirement for LεL is too high, either that amount of LεL is above the solubility limit or it is difficult to uniformly disperse in the LETC layer. Alternatively, too much LεL may make it difficult to produce a LETC film or sheet, by e.g., extrusion, because of poor physical properties like softness, tackiness, streaks and non-uniform thickness.

LεL character may also be provided by the hydroxyl groups on various polyol polymers like hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(hydroxyalkylmethacrylates and acrylates). Some of these polymers even provide β diol type functionality.

Acceptable concentrations of LεL's are determined by the concentrations of the transition metal ions and the ratio of HεL's to transition metal ions. The temperature range of the application and the effectiveness of the LεL, (i.e. the stability constant for the formation of the LεMLC), are also important in determining useful concentrations. A specific LεL and its concentration are often chosen such that the absorbance of the LETC layer is less than 0.2 at 25 C and the absorbance still increases to greater than 0.8 at 85 C. These absorbance changes are for the active wavelength range, (at least at one of the λ_(max) values), of a HεMLC in the LETC system.

HεL

Particularly useful HεL's include the halides: chloride, bromide and iodide and pseudohalides like cyanate, thiocyanate, selenocyanate, azide and cyanide. Other particularly useful HεL's include molecules or ions which coordinate to transition metal ions through nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or selenium. The preferred HεL's are those which provide for the highest ε for the HεMLC formed and those which participate in equilibrium reactions with the transition metal ions and the LεL's wherein there are high positive values of ΔH° and ΔS° for the overall LETC reaction. Described herein are particularly high performance LETC systems involving iodide ions as a HεL. High performance LETC systems are also disclosed wherein phosphine molecules which coordinate through a phosphorus are used as HεL's. Examples of these phosphine compounds include ethyldiphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine and tricyclohexylphosphine. Particularly high performance LETC systems involve phosphinates as HεL's. Particularly high performance LETC systems are also described involving phosphine compounds and iodide in combination and these HεL's in combination with other HεL's. The present application describes LETC systems in which a HεL is a five membered, heterocyclic, organic ring compound which coordinates to a transition metal through nitrogen. These ligands have advantages over six membered ring compounds which coordinate through nitrogen in that they are more likely to allow TC activity at 550 nm, which is near the peak of human eye sensitivity for light. Other advantages of various ligands are described below.

Not only do iodide and phosphine compounds like Ph₃P and other triaryl, trialkyl mixed aryl/alkyl phosphines, when used together, form HεMLC's with large values of ε, we have discovered a special effect where an excess of Ph₃P can minimize or eliminate undesirable residual color in a TC layer produced with these ligands. Presumably this is because the phosphine compound sequesters a small amount of residual I₂ and thus prevents the appearance of a yellow color due to free iodine. This free iodine may be the result of air oxidation of iodide during processing and this problem is mitigated when an excess of a phosphine compound is present. This synergistic effect with or without the use of seals to minimize the ingress of oxygen has allowed for the use and production of these high performance, LETC systems. In addition, it has been discovered that even when the phosphine compound is not intended to be used as a ligand, that an amount of phosphine compound less than stoichiometric to the amount of transition metal ion can be used when iodide is a used as a ligand. Even these small amounts of phosphine compound are useful to mitigate the effects of residual color formation during processing of these TC systems into layers.

Useful concentrations for HεL's are largely dependent on the transition metal ion concentrations used in the LETC system. Generally it is useful to have a HεL concentration as high as is chemically possible and/or economically possible. Specifically it is useful that the concentration ratio for the HεL's to transition metal ions be greater than 4 and in many cases that the ratio be greater than 7. This is the ratio for the total concentration of all HεL's, [HεL_(T)], to the total concentration of all transition metal ions, [Me_(T)], which together could potentially be involved in forming HεMLC's. The advantages of high ratios of HεL's to metal ions are discussed below.

Ligands containing a nitrogen-containing 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic compound that coordinates through the nitrogen atom to the nitrogen transition metal ion in an HεMLC formed between the transition metal ion and the ligand are particularly useful. Examples of these ligands include those having the following structure:

wherein X₁ and X₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C, C—R, N, and N—R; X₂ is C or C—R; X₄ is C, C—R, N,N—R, O, S or Se; X₅ is C, N, S, C—R, each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted straight or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, and combinations thereof, provided that optionally two or more R groups may be joined to form one or more substituted or unsubstituted fused saturated or unsaturated ring systems.

Certain HεL's ligands coordinate more strongly and form coordination compounds that absorb at certain desirable wavelengths, especially in the 550 nm region, when there is a nitrogen in a 5 membered ring. Some of these HεL's that are imidazoles, oxazoles, thiazoles or selenazoles are represented by the following structure:

wherein X═N—H, N—R, O, S, or Se and wherein R and R₁ are independently chosen from straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

Some of these HεL's that are pyrazoles, isoxazoles, isothiazoles, or isoselenazoles are represented by the following structure:

wherein X═N—H, N—R, O, S, or Se and wherein R, R₁ and R₂ are independently chosen from straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

Some of these HεL's that are benzimidazoles, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, or benzoselenazoles are represented by the following structure:

wherein X═N—H, N—R, O, S, or Se and wherein R and R₁ are independently chosen from straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

Some of these HεL's that are indazoles, benzisoxazoles, benzoisothiazoles, or benzoisoselenazoles are represented by the following structure:

wherein X═N—H, N—R, O, S, or Se and wherein R and R₁ are independently chosen from straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

Other HεL's that coordinate to transition metals though a nitrogen in a five membered ring are imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine; 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine; 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole; 5-azabenzimidazoles; and 4-azabenzimidazoles. Bidentate HεL's in which heterocyclic nitrogen containing groups are bridged by alkyl, amine, amine-methylene or benzene as a spacer are represented by the following structure:

wherein R, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently chosen from straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl. and wherein each

independently represents a nitrogen-containing five or six membered ring and in certain cases is independently chosen from substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, pyridine, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, indazole, pyrazole, etc.

HεL's that function as tridentate ligands that coordinate with 3 nitrogens are represented by the following structure:

wherein X and Y are independently chosen from (CH₂)_(n) n=1 to 3; R=straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl; and each

independently represents a nitrogen-containing five or six membered ring and in certain cases is independently chosen from substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, pyridine, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, indazole, pyrazole, etc.

HεL's that can coordinate in multiple bidentate configurations are represented by the following structure:

wherein only 1 or 2 of X, Y and Z are (CH₂)_(n) n=1 to 2 and the others are a direct bond between N and the ring C, and each

independently represents a nitrogen-containing five or six membered ring and in certain cases is independently chosen from substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, pyridine benzimidazole, benzothiazole, indazole, pyrazole, etc.

HεL's that are ortho hindered pyridines are represented by the following structure:

wherein R=halide; substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

HεL's that function as bidentate ligands via an amine type nitrogen and an imine type nitrogen are represented by the following structure:

wherein X═(CH₂)_(n) n=1 to 4,

and R, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently chosen from substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl; and

each independently represents a nitrogen-containing five or six membered ring and in certain cases is independently chosen from substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, pyridine, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, indazole, pyrazole, etc.

In many of the structures above,

may be replaced by —NR₁R₂ where R₁ and R₂ are independently chosen from substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

HεL's that coordinate via a mercapto group and an imine type nitrogen are represented by the following structure:

wherein X═N—H, N—R, O, S, or Se and R=substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.

HεL's that are phosphine compounds are represented by the following structure:

wherein R₁, R₂ and R₃ are independently selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

In many cases, HεMLC's that involve the ligands with the structures above, also involve halides or pseudohalides in the same HεMLC's. Other useful HεL's are given in the key section of Table 27.

Solvents

In LETC systems, any solvent that provides for and maintains the dissolution of the metal salt complexes and ligands, allows for the change or exchange of ligands to take place and does not detract from the reversibility or stability of the system is acceptable. Some of the solvents that we have found, which meet these criteria, are liquids at 25 C. These include polar organic solvents like acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, sulfolane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea, dimethylsufoxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, ε-caprolactone, dimethylformamide, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol. In many cases it is effective to have a relatively indifferent solvent with respect to metal ion complexation like propylene carbonate or γ-BL so that the LETC equilibrium is established largely by the interaction of the LεL's, the HεL's and the transition metal ions dissolved in the solvent.

Other effective solvents, that are polymers, include poly(vinylalcohol); copolymers of poly(vinylalcohol) with vinyl acetate, methylmethacrylate, ethylene and the like; poly(vinyl acetals) including poly(viny butyral); cellulose acetates; urethanes; hydroxyalkylcelluloses; hydroxy-substituted polyacrylates like poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(1-glycerol methacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline); poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone); poly(vinyl methyl ether); polyacrylamide; poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide); polyvinylpyridines and various copolymers which involve these polymer functionalities. Also useful are solvent systems which involve a combination of one or more than one of the solvents, which are liquids at 25 C, dissolved in a polymer. Particularly useful are polymers that form solutions of LETC systems that will not flow under the influence of gravity alone in the temperature range of 0 to 100 Celsius. Polymers that form solutions of LETC systems that are solids in the temperature range of 0 to 100 Celsius are particularly useful.

The solvent may also be the solid matrix portion and/or the liquid solution portion of a gel. In a “chemical gel” there is a liquid phase and a solid matrix phase. The solid matrix phase may be an inorganic polymer like in a common sol-gel or it may be an organic polymer which is crosslinked or a star polymer which forms a three dimensional network. The liquid phase for a LETC system is preferably one or more of the liquids at 25 C listed above. The gel may be a chemical gel including a “molecular gel” or a physical gel. For a more detailed discussion of gels see: Electrochimica Acta 46, 2015-2022 (2001).

In principle, the solvent may be a molten salt including a low temperature or room temperature ionic liquid.

Certain LεL's, especially diols, triols and polyols, are effective in promoting solubility of other materials in the LETC system. Also, some of these LεL's are good plasticizers for the polymers that serve as cosolvents and matricies in LETC systems.

Types of MLC's

The spectra of many MLC's are relatively well understood; see for example “Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy” by A. B. P. Lever, Elsevier Publishing Co. (1968) and (1984) and “Inorganic Chemistry”, 3^(rd) Edition, by G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, Prentice Hall (2004). Generally when a set of ligands coordinates at six sites around the metal ion, the MLC has lower molar absorptivity values in the visible and NIR. This ligand configuration may be referred to as hexa-coordinate and generally gives the complex an octahedral or nearly octahedral configuration. Often, there are some relatively strong absorbances in the UV even with hexacoordinate complexes due to charge transfer type absorptions. However, absorbances due to transitions of electrons between molecular orbitals of predominately metal d-orbital character in octahedral MLC's are generally quite weak. Furthermore, the photons capable of causing such electronic transitions are almost exclusively in the visible and NIR. Whether or not a set of ligands gives rise to a hexa-coordinate or octahedral configuration, if a MLC which decreases in concentration on heating has an ε of less than or equal to 50 liters/(mole*cm) throughout the visible and NIR range of 400 nm to 1400 nm, then it is hereby defined as a LεMLC.

Generally when a set of ligands coordinates at four sites around the metal ion, the MLC has a higher molar absorptivity in the visible and/or NIR. This ligand configuration may be referred to as tetra-coordinate and generally gives the complex a tetrahedral configuration, a square planar configuration or distorted versions thereof sometimes referred to as pseudo tetrahedral or pseudo square planar. Generally, the higher molar absorptivity of these complexes is due to more highly allowed electronic transitions between molecular orbitals of predominately metal d-orbital character. Occasionally the tetra-coordinate complexes have very strong absorbances due to charge transfer transitions in the visible portion of the spectrum and we have discovered that these can be used to great advantage in LETC systems. Whether or not a set of ligands gives rise to a tetra-coordinate configuration, if the MLC that increases in concentration on heating has an ε of greater than 50 liters/(mole*cm) anywhere in the visible or NIR region then it is hereby defined as a HεMLC.

Given the definitions above for LεMLC's and HεMLC's, a few LETC thermochromic systems of interest actually function by having one HεMLC change into another HεMLC. In one system like this, the HεMLC that dominates at lower temperatures absorbs mainly in the NIR and the HεMLC that dominates at high temperatures absorbs mainly in the visible portion of the spectrum. See Table 27, entry 359.

Another system like this has a HεMLC that dominates at lower temperatures with a modest absorptivity in the visible and has a HεMLC that dominates at high temperatures with a higher absorptivity in the NIR. See Table 27, entries 406, 457, 861 and 901.

Apart from octahedral and tetrahedral configurations, MLC's are known in which three, five, seven, eight or even more sites around a metal ion are coordinated. In these cases, we use the same criteria as above to distinguish between them as LεMLC's and HεMLC's.

LεMLC's include Cu(H₂O)₆ ²⁺ and Fe(H₂O)₆ ²⁺. LεMLC's include Ni(II) and Co(II) coordinated by diols, triols or polyols. Some LεMLC's are coordination compounds with likely formulas: Ni(TMOLP)₂ ²⁺, Ni(2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol)₂ ²⁺, Ni(cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriol)₂ ²⁺, Ni(NPG)₃ ²⁺, Ni(2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol)₃ ²⁺, Ni(3-methyl-1,3,5-pentanetriol)₂ ²⁺, Ni(poly(vinyl butyral))²⁺, Co(TMOLP)₂ ²⁺, Co(NPG)₃ ²⁺, Co(2,4-dimethyl-2,4-pentanediol)₃ ²⁺, Co(cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriol)₂ ²⁺, Co(poly(vinyl butyral))²⁺. In addition LεMLC's are useful when diols, triols and polyols are at least partially coordinated to the transition metal ions as is often the case with Ni(II) based systems that also contain nitrogen based ligands.

Some HεMLC's include FeBr₄ ²⁻; CoCl₃(S)⁻; CoBr₃(S)⁻; CoI₃(S)⁻; NiCl₃(S)⁻; NiBr₃(S)⁻; NiI₃(S)⁻; CoCl₄ ²⁻; CoBr₄ ²⁻; CoI₄ ²⁻; NiCl₄ ²⁻; NiBr₄ ²⁻; NiI₄ ²⁻; Cu(S)₂Cl₄ ²⁻; complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), or Cu(II) with ligands which coordinate to metal ions through pseudohalides, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur or selenium; and complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), or Cu(II) with combinations of halides or pseudohalides and ligands which coordinate to metal ions through nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur or selenium. The nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and selenium may be neutral in charge or they may have a formal negative charge, (i.e. they may be part of an anion). In the above formulas, (S), represents a solvent molecule, a hydroxyl group or an unknown ligand. One, two, three or four halides of the same type or of two or more types, (e.g. both bromide and iodide), may be coordinated to the same metal ion at the same time. Some HεMLC's involve Co(II) or Ni(II) coordinated to ligands based on pyridine derivatives, pyridazines, dipyridyl derivatives, dipyridylamines, imidazoles, bisimidazoles, indazoles, pyrazoles, benzimidazoles, bisbenzimidazoles, phosphines, phosphinates, thiols, thiol ethers and especially these ligands in combination with chloride, bromide and/or iodide. HεMLC's include complexes with ligands that may be mono, bi, tri or tetradentate.

HεMLC's include complexes with ligands based on nitrogen as a heteroatom in a five membered, organic, ring compounds. Nitrogen based ligands in five membered rings have been discovered to form LETC systems with higher performance, more desirable wavelengths of activity, especially in the 550 nm region and/or they are lower cost than many ligands based on nitrogen as a heteroatom from six membered, organic, ring compounds. Cost considerations aside, these advantages may be due to less steric hinderance for involvement by nitrogen from five membered ring compounds versus those in six membered ring compounds. On the other hand for providing absorption peaks in certain other wavelength regions HεMLC's involving ligands with nitrogens in six membered rings are still useful. Also, we have discovered HεMLC's with absorption peaks at desirable wavelengths that involve ligands with nitrogens in six membered rings like pyridine which have a substituent in a position ortho to the nitrogen. These ligands coordinate to transition metals with a strength that makes them desirable for combining with other HεMLC's that form in the same solution and give TC activity over the same temperature range. In addition, these ortho substituted pyridine and pyridine like ligands are less likely to participate in LεMLC's than unhindered versions thereof and this results in lower's for the LεMLC's. Quinoline and it derivatives are naturally ortho substituted pyridines and thus are effective in forming HεMLC's with these advantages.

Table 1 shows the HεMLC's for thermochromic systems where the HεMLC's are based on just Ni(II) ions, a few nitrogen containing ligands and bromide. With good LεL's in these TC systems, we obtain large absorbance increases with increasing temperature over the range 25 C to 105 C are obtained. Remarkably, these absorbance increases have λ_(max)'s that range all the way from 435 nm to 781 nm.

TABLE 1 λ_(max) λ_(max) λ_(max) values values values Most Likely HεMLC (nm) (nm) (nm) Ni(N—Pr-dipicoylamine)Br⁻ 435 523 717 Ni(N-Bu-di(1-MeBIMZ-2- 450 544 781 ylmethyl)amine)Br⁻ Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)Br₂ 502 557 Ni(2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1-propyl-1H- 503 568 benzimidazole)Br₂ Ni(2,2′-methylenedipyridine)Br₂ 520 Ni(2,2′-ethane-1,2-diyldipyridine)Br₂ 548 610 Ni(2,2′-propane-1,3-diyldipyridine)Br₂ 556 636 Ni(1-EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ 580 Ni(4-(3-PhPr)Pyr)Br₃ ⁻ 631 Ni(isoquinoline)Br₃ ⁻ 633 Ni(1-EtBIMZ)Br₃ ⁻ 640 Ni(ROH)Br₃ ⁻ 659 NiBr₄ ²⁻ 706 757

Many more examples of LETC systems, with activity at a wide variety of wavelengths, are given in Table 27.

LETC Reaction Equilibria

Some generalized ligand exchange reactions with monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate LεL's are given by the following equations: Me(mono-dentate)₆ ²⁺+4X⁻

MeX₄ ²⁻+6(mono-dentate)  (2) Me(bi-dentate)₃ ²⁺+4X⁻

MeX₄ ²⁻+3(bi-dentate)  (3) Me(tri-dentate)₂ ²⁺+4X⁻

MeX₄ ²⁻+2(tri-dentate)  (4)

For the present disclosure all of the LETC equilibria reactions are written such that the LεMLC is on the left and HεMLC is on the right of the mass balance, equilibrium equation. In equilibria reactions (2) through (4), X⁻ is a HεL and the metal ion is changing from hexa-coordinate to tetra-coordinate. The change from hexa to tetra-coordinate is useful but is not required in LETC systems.

As used herein, transition metal ions in solution are always considered to be complexed or ligated, since even when free in solution, transition metal ions are considered to be coordinated by the solvent. However, ligands may participate in a complex or they may be free in solution where the ligands are not coordinated but are simply solvated. Thus, with many LETC systems like those above, the ligand exchange is simply between one type of LεL either being ligated to a metal ion or being free in solution and one type of HεL either being free in solution or being ligated to a metal ion. A specific example of just one of the types of equilibrium reactions that fit the above description is given below:

Ni(TMOLP)₂ ²⁺ + 4Cl⁻

NiCl₄ ²⁻ + 2(TMOLP) (5) (light green) (blue)

NiCl₄ ²⁻ is a well know MLC from the literature and it is a HεMLC. Ni(TMOLP)₂ ²⁺ is a LεMLC. It is unlikely that the reaction in equation 5 proceeds in a single step. However in many cases the observed changes in absorbance with temperature point to a main or predominant overall reaction like that shown in equation (5).

Under some conditions with, for example, a cobalt-halide system, the observed spectral changes point to equilibria that are bit less straight forward. In the specific case in equation (6) below, the LεL, 1,3-butanediol, of the LεMLC may remain partially coordinated to the Co(II) and thus participate in the HεMLC. This is represented by the 1,3-butanediol_(mono) in the formula below. For the sake of convenience, the partially coordinated diol is now said to be a HεL. The bromide, on the other hand, is the primary HεL and when the bromide is not coordinated to the Co(II) it appears on the same side of the equation as the LεMLC, Co(1,3-butanediol_(bi))₃ ²⁺.

Co(1,3-butanediol_(bi))₃ ²⁺ + 3Br⁻

Co(1,3-butanediol_(mono)) Br₃ ¹⁻ + 2 (1,3-butandiol) (6) (light pink) (blue)

Here the term 1,3-butanediol_(bi) is used to designate the 1,3-butanediol as acting as a bidentate ligand and the term 1,3-butanediol_(mono) is used designate a 1,3-butanediol molecule still attached to the Co(II) but now in a monodentate fashion where essentially one hydroxyl oxygen is still coordinated.

More involved LETC reaction equilibria yet are represented by the following equations: Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)(NPG)₂ ²⁺+4Cl⁻

NiCl₄ ²⁻+(N—Pr-DPamine)+2NPG  (7) Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)₃ ²⁺+4Cl⁻

NiCl₄ ²⁻+3N—Pr-DPamine  (8) Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)Cl₂+2Cl⁻

NiCl₄ ²⁻+N—Pr-DPamine  (9) Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)(NPG)₂ ²⁺+2Cl⁻

Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)Cl₂+2NPG  (10) Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)₃ ²⁺+2Cl⁻

Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)Cl₂+2(N—Pr-DPamine)  (11)

From the best of our understanding of this system, Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)(NPG)₂ ²⁺ and Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)₃ ²⁺ are possible LεMLC's. The amount of each of these LεMLC's present depends on the relative amounts of Ni(II) and especially the relative amounts of NPG and N—Pr-DPamine to each other and to the amount of Ni(II). However, the spectra at lower temperatures do not appear to show the presence of Ni(NPG)₃ ²⁺ when there is one N—Pr-DPamine per Ni(II) present. This is the case even with an excess of NPG present. This is unfortunate in that the absorption coefficient for Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)(NPG)₂ ² is somewhat higher than that of Ni(NPG)₃ ²⁺. This is very similar to the absorbance shown in FIG. 18 at 25 C in the 550 nm to 775 nm region for the very similar LETC system with Ni(II), N—Pr-DPamine, bromide and TMOLP. LεMLC's like Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)(NPG)₂ ²⁺ result in more absorbance or a darker color than desired at lower temperatures even though the system has reasonably good performance otherwise due to a significant increase in absorbance or a darkening in color as the temperature increases.

In the system of equations (7)-(11), NPG is a LεL and chloride is a HεL. N—Pr-DPamine is both a LεL and a HεL. NiCl₄ ²⁻ and Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)Cl₂ are HεMLC's. With properly chosen levels of chloride, NPG and N—Pr-DPamine, either NiCl₄ ²⁻ is the main HεMLC formed on heating or it is possible that heating results in an absorbance increase that can be attributed almost exclusively to the complex: Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)Cl₂. Remarkably, these HεMLC's can also form simultaneously on heating over the same temperature range with the properly chosen concentrations and ratios of the materials in equations (7)-(11). Despite the rather complicated equilibria possible, this system illustrates the diverse performance possible when concentrations and concentration ratios are judiciously adjusted.

As shown above, a ligand that is primarily used as a HεL may remain in place in the LεMLC. This is the case with many heterocyclic ligands in which nitrogen is the heteroatom. For example, solutions of Ni(II) with bromide and 1-EtBIMZ, appear to form two different HεMLC's each of which is a different shade of blue. One of these complexes is believed to have two bromides and two of the benzimidazoles coordinated to the nickel and has significant absorbance at 550 nm. The other is believed to have three bromides and one benzimidazole coordinated to Ni(II) and has little absorbance at 550 nm. Addition of a good LεL like TMOLP to a solution containing either or both of these complexes decreases the intensity of the blue color. However, a small, (but significant with regard to overall performance), absorption peak at about 640 nm remains even with a large excess of TMOLP. An absorption peak with this shape and apparent molar absorptivity is not present for Ni(II) complexed with TMOLP alone or when Ni(II) and bromide are present with or without TMOLP. This suggests that at least one, difficult to displace, molecule of 1-EtBIMZ is present in the LεMLC. While the 1-EtBIMZ is present in the LεMLC, it is designated as a LεL. Heating a system with appropriate ratios and amounts of Ni(II), bromide, 1-EtBIMZ and TMOLP contained in an indifferent solvent or polymer matrix gives a change from light blue to various shades of dark blue. This change in absorbance is presumed to be due to the increase in concentration of the HεMLC's: Ni(1-EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ and/or Ni(1-EtBIMZ)Br₃ ⁻. Depending on the relative concentrations of Ni(II), bromide and 1-EtBIMZ the presumed LETC reactions are those shown in equation (12) or (13) or a combination of these two reactions as shown in equation (14) below. Ni(1-EtBIMZ)(TMOLP_(tri))(TMOLP_(bi))²⁺+3Br⁻

Ni(1-EtBIMZ)Br₃ ⁻+2(TMOLP)  (12) Ni(1-EtBIMZ)(TMOLP_(tri))(TMOLP_(bi))²⁺+2Br⁻+1-EtBIMZ

Ni(1-EtBIMZ)₂Br₂+2(TMOLP)  (13) 2Ni(1-EtBIMZ)(TMOLP_(tri))(TMOLP_(bi))²⁺+5Br⁻+1-EtBIMZ

Ni(1-EtBIMZ)Br₃ ⁻+Ni(1-EtBIMZ)₂Br₂+4(TMOLP)  (14)

TMOLP_(tri) and TMOLP_(bi) represent TMOLP acting as a tridentate ligand and as a bidentate ligand where only two of its hydroxyls are coordinated, respectively. The relative amount of Ni(1-EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ versus Ni(1-EtBIMZ)Br₃ ⁻ may be adjusted by judicious choices of the relative amount of bromide vs. 1-EtBIMZ in the system. Large amounts of bromide relative to 1-EtBIMZ favor the formation of NiBr₃(1-EtBIMZ)⁻, however even very large excesses of bromide do not result in the appearance of the spectra of species like NiBr₃(S)¹⁻ or NiBr₄ ²⁻ when there is at least one 1-EtBIMZ molecule per Ni(II) ion present.

Many heteroleptic MLC's are known which involve two or more different ligands on the same transition metal ion, however very few reversible, solution based, thermochromic systems involving ligand exchange to form such heteroleptic MLC's have been previously disclosed. Two of these disclosed here are shown in the equations (12) and (13) and we have discovered many more of these systems which are disclosed in Table 27. Through the use of these systems, absorptions can be achieved throughout the visible and NIR range which is advantageous from an energy absorbing standpoint, especially for sunlight blocking applications.

A number of our LETC systems give rise to multiple HεMLC's from the heating of a single composition, even with only a single type of transition metal ion present. Another good example of this is seen with Ni(II), bromide, N—Pr-DPamine with various LεL's. With the proper ratio of bromide to N—Pr-DPamine, heating the system gives rise simultaneously to absorption spectra consistent with the presence of Ni(N—Pr-DPamine)Br₂, NiBr₃(S)⁻ and NiBr₄ ²⁻. This type of performance for a LETC system is shown in FIG. 18. The broad spectral changes that take place on heating systems like these have distinct advantages when there is a desire to relieve glare or reduce energy transmission throughout the visible and NIR regions. Broad changes also help provide valuable options for the color appearance of transmitted light. These systems that allow for multiple HεMLC's to form in a single composition also provide opportunities to reduce the number of LETC layers required for many applications. Numerous other systems like this are disclosed in Table 27 and several of these systems are shown in FIGS. 4, 14, 17 and 28.

Once again, with systems like those in equations (12)-(14), a nitrogen containing ligand may be present in the LεMLC's. When this is the case, the ε's of the LεMLC are generally larger than if just hydroxyl groups are present around the metal ion. This higher level of absorptivity is a disadvantage for LETC systems where a large absorbance range is desired. This is because for many applications there is a desire to start with as little absorbance or as light a color as possible at low temperatures and still increase in absorbance or darken in color significantly on increasing the temperature. However, we have discovered several, nitrogen containing, ligands which do not participate well in a LεMLC. This effect is illustrated by comparing FIGS. 29 and 30. In FIG. 29 the nitrogen containing ligand 6-methyl-2,2′-dipyridyl is believed to participate in the LεMLC and give rise to the small but, troublesome absorbance between about 575 nm and 750 nm at 25 C. Addition of another methyl group to the ligand to give 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyridyl decreases the absorbance between 575 nm and 750 nm as shown in FIG. 30. This is because the latter, nitrogen-containing ligand is more sterically challenged in trying to participate in the nominally octahedral configuration, while it still participates nicely in the nominally tetrahedral configuration around nickel with two bromide ions. Other nitrogen containing ligands with this advantage include 6-methyl-N-(6 methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-propylpyridin-2-amine, 6-butyl-6′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1,3-benzothiazole), 2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole), 2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole), several 6-alkylsubstituted dipyridylamines and to some extent most ortho substituted pyridines.

Many TC systems involving Ni(II), bromide and nitrogen based ligands have little absorbance between about 410 nm and 470 nm and thus they have a “valley” or a “well” in the absorption spectra in this wavelength range even at elevated temperatures. This valley or well makes these systems difficult to use in combination with other systems to achieve gray appearance in multilayer systems unless the system with which they are combined happens to absorb in the 410 nm to 470 nm region. A significant advantage is realized when there is at least some increase in absorbance in this range as the temperature increases. As illustrated especially in Examples 18, 36 and 40 and the corresponding figures, there is a TC phenomenon that we call “well-filling”. In contrast, there are many systems without well-filling as exemplified by Examples 7, 13, 19 and 22. While for Examples 18, 36 and 40 there is no absorption peak in the 410 nm to 470 nm region, at least there is an increase in the absorbance in the valley or well. What the nitrogen based ligands, in each of these examples, have in common is a nitrogen as a heteroatom in a ring and they also have an amine nitrogen on a carbon alpha to the heteroatom nitrogen which is also the position on the heterocyclic ring that is ortho to the heteroatom. Thus it is believed that this nitrogen attached to a position ortho to a heteroatom nitrogen, simply called the “ortho-nitrogen” affect, is responsible for the well-filling effect. The systems in Examples 18, 36 and 40 are easier to combine into multilayer, gray systems especially with other systems or layers that have peaks in the 550 nm to 650 nm region which wavelengths also need to be attenuated to give a gray appearance.

With regard to well filling, it is useful to have thermochromic systems in which a HεMLC comprises chloride or bromide coordinated to Ni(II) along with another ligand such that the ratio of the HεMLC's maximum absorption coefficient in the 475 nm to 550 nm range to the HεMLC's minimum absorption coefficient in the 425 nm to 475 nm range is less than 4 to 1.

An interesting ligand and TC system is presented in FIG. 44. Here the nitrogen containing ligand appears that it might have the possibility of being tridentate. However the spectra of Ni(II) based systems with ligands that are believed to coordinate with three nitrogens plus one or two halides, like examples 8 and 33, have a main absorption peak at wavelengths between 430 nm and 460 nm. FIG. 44 shows an example of systems that have spectra more consistent with the ligand acting as two different bidentate nitrogen based ligands. This is observed even when there is only one of this ligand molecule per Ni(II) ion present in the system. This is believed to be due to the time dependent switching of the coordination of these types of ligands between one type of bidentate configuration and another bidentate configuration. In both bidentate cases, in this example, the coordination is believed to be completed by two bromide ions. Thus the spectra are consistent with (1) a dipyridyl amine with one methyl group-hindered pyridine and two bromides and (2) two pyridines connected in ortho positions by an amine-methylene bridge with the pyridine connected to the methylene group being methyl group hindered and two bromides. The absorptions in FIG. 44 between about 400 nm and 450 nm are believed to be more likely due to the ortho-nitrogen affect disclosed above than to any tridentate character of the 6-methyl-N-[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine ligand. This example discloses a remarkable LETC system in terms of a single system, with a single ligand other than halide, with good gray appearance, a large change in visible light transmission and little color sweep throughout the temperature range of 25 to 105 C. For the spectra in FIG. 44 we calculate Y to be 82.8, 52.8, 21.4, 9.7 and 6.2 at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C, 85 C and 105 C respectively. We also calculate c* to be 12.9, 17.9, 15.0, 9.7 and 5.7 at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C, 85 C and 105 C respectively.

Multiple kinds of transition metal ions in the same LETC solution or layer can give rise to at least two types of useful behavior. One type is illustrated in FIG. 3 in which ions of one kind of metal are largely in a HεMLC throughout the temperature range of interest and ions of the other kind of metal switch from largely being in a LεMLC at lower temperatures to largely being in a HεMLC at a higher temperature. In FIG. 3 it appears that the Co(II) has a higher affinity for iodide and/or a lower affinity for TMOLP as spectral peaks consistent with CoI₄ ²⁻ remain at nearly constant magnitude throughout the to 105 degree Celsius range. On the other hand, the amount of Ni(II) coordinated by iodide appears to increase and the amount coordinated by TMOLP is believed to decrease as the temperature increases. The spectral peak with a λ_(max) at about 508 nm is consistent with a charge transfer peak in the visible for NiI₄ ²⁻. The system in FIG. 3 has significant advantages when used in Sunlight Responsive Thermochromic, SRT™, windows as the nearly temperature independent absorbance of CoI₄ ²⁻ is largely in the NIR and causes the system to warm on sunlight exposure. The sun exposure induced temperature rise causes an increase in the concentration of NiI₄ ²⁻ and a decrease in visible light transmission. Any other thermochromic layer in contact with a layer containing this system would also increase in temperature and broad visible light attenuation is possible just from direct sunlight exposure.

The other type of multiple metal ion system is shown in FIG. 10. This is an example of systems where the temperature dependence for the formation of completely different complexes, even involving different kinds of transition metal ions, allows for the simultaneous formation of multiple HεMLC's of the different kinds of transition metals ions over the same temperature range, in the same solution. Heating this system causes an increase in concentration for two HεMLC's at the same time. These HεMLC's might be Co(glycerol_(mono))Cl₃ ⁻ and Cu(glycerol_(di))Cl₄ ²⁻. The use of ZnCl₂ in this system is explained in the next paragraph.

Disclosed herein is yet another new type of thermochromic reaction. Here, ligands may exchange between being coordinated or ligated to a first kind of metal ion and being coordinated or ligated to a second kind of metal ion. The second kind of metal ion is a transition metal ion that forms a HεMLC which includes a ligand previously associated with the first kind of metal ion. For the purposes of the present application, the first kind of metal ions are called exchange metals. The exchange metal may be a transition metal or another kind of metal. In “exchange metal” TC systems, ligands which are ligated or coordinated to one metal shift to being ligated or coordinated to another metal with changes in temperature. As the ligands shift from one kind of metal to another kind there are changes in the light absorption of the system. This is particularly effective when the MLC with one of the metals has a significantly lower molar absorptivity than the MLC with another metal for the same type of ligands or set of ligands. Zn(II) ions work well in exchange metal TC systems as the MLC's of Zn(II) often absorb little or no visible light and it has been discovered that the ligands in Zn(II) MLC's readily shift to other metal ions such as Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions as the temperature of the system increases. Exchange metals function in place of or are used in combination with LεL's.

Another example of an exchange metal TC system is shown in FIG. 11 for the proposed equilibria: 4ZnCl₄ ²⁻+Cu(γ-BL)₆ ²⁺

Cu(γ-BL)₂Cl₄ ²⁻+4Zn(γ-BL)Cl₃ ⁻  (15)

Once again the reversible, thermally induced shift in the equilibrium equation gives rise to a LETC process. In this case the chloride is still the HεL since it is the ligand in the HεMLC. In this case γ-BL is believed to play the role of the LεL and the exchange metal ion is Zn(II). In the solution of FIG. 10, Zn(II) is also used but this time it is in combination with a LεL, glycerol, to allow the simultaneous formation of HεMLC's of two metals at once as described above.

Mn(II) is of particular interest as an exchange metal because even its tetrahedral MLC's have low molar absorption coefficients; see for example: F. A. Cotton et. al. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 84, 167-172 (1962). Exchange metal type LETC systems that have been demonstrated or should be considered are based on Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Sn(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Al(III) and Sb(V). See Examples 179-188 and Table 12 for more details.

LETC systems can be combined with essentially any other thermochromic phenomena. A VO₂ or doped VO₂ film may be included on a substrate that is in contact with a LETC layer on the other side of the substrate. Alternatively, we have discovered that certain thermochromic materials like ring opening compounds are compatible with some LETC systems and remarkably they can even be incorporated into the same solution or layer. FIG. 31 shows the thermochromic performance for a LETC system in combination with a compound known as Oxford Blue and FIG. 32 shows the thermochromic performance for another LETC system in combination with a compound known as Ruby Red. Both of these materials are thermochromic based on a thermodynamic shift in the equilibrium between the ring-closed, colorless form and the ring-opened, highly absorbing form. Ruby Red and Oxford Blue are available from James Robinson LTD of Huddersfield, England and they are also available from Keystone Aniline Corporation of Chicago, Ill.

Thermodynamics of Reversible Equilibria

LETC processes involve reversible reactions in which the extent of the reaction, (or the position of the equilibrium), is determined by the thermodynamic parameters of the reaction, the temperature of the system and the total concentrations of each of the reactants/products in the system. One of the many types of LETC reactions, which are governed by a reversible thermodynamic equilibrium reaction, may be represented by the following equation: Me(LεL)_(x) +yHεL

Me(HεL)_(y) +xLεL  (16) wherein x and y are numeric variables that designate the number of LεL and HεL, respectively. In order for the absorption of the system to increase with increasing temperature the equilibrium must shift to the right in equation (16) as the temperature increases. This would give a net increase in the light energy absorbed since the ε's for the complex Me(HεL)_(y) are larger than the ε's for the complex Me(LεL)_(x) at many wavelengths in the visible and/or NIR range for nearly all of the systems disclosed herein. In order for the reaction to be reversible the reaction must shift back to the left the same amount as the temperature drops back to its original value. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is given by: K _(eq)=([Me(HεL)_(y)][LεL]^(x))/([Me(LεL)_(x)][HεL]^(y))  (17) where the brackets are used to signify concentration, (although to be more accurate one could use activities). While the equilibrium constant is “constant” at a given temperature for wide variations in concentration, there is a different “constant” at each temperature. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant is determined by the standard free energy change, ΔG°, of the reaction, which in turn is determined by the standard enthalpy change, ΔH°, of the reaction. This can be seen from the following well known equations: ΔG°=ΔH°−TΔS°  (18) ΔG°=−RT ln K _(eq)  (19) K _(eq)=exp(−ΔH°/RT)*exp(ΔS°/R)  (20)

For most of the LETC systems we have discovered, ΔH° of reaction is roughly constant over the temperature range of 0 to 100 Celsius. If we assume the value of ΔH° is actually constant over the temperature range of interest, then the magnitude of the change of K_(eq) with temperature is dependent only on the magnitude of ΔH°. Also, for the equilibrium to shift to the right and for the net sunlight energy absorbed by the system to increase with a temperature increase, K_(eq) must increase. This can be seen from the mass balance in equation (16) where the [Me(HεL)_(y)] must increase for the absorbance to increase. Given a constant total concentration of all the ingredients used to make up the system, the only way for the equilibrium to shift to the right is for the value of the equilibrium constant to increase; see equation (17). The value of K_(eq) increases as the temperature increases only if ΔH° is positive as shown in equation (20). The larger the positive value of ΔH° for the equilibrium reaction the larger the increase in the value of K_(eq), over a given temperature range, as shown by the following equations: K _(eq)(T _(H))=exp(−ΔH°/RT _(H))*exp(ΔS°/R)  (21) K _(eq)(T _(L))=exp(−ΔH°/RT _(L))*exp(ΔS°/R)  (22) K _(eq)(T _(H))/K _(eq)(T _(L))=exp((ΔH°/R)*(1/T _(L)−1/T _(H)))  (23) where T_(H) and T_(L) are the high and low temperatures over which the LETC system is being evaluated. Equation (23) is independent of ΔS° and shows that the highest performance for a LETC system, in terms of the largest increase in light absorption, over a given temperature range, comes with the highest positive value of ΔH°. This is supported by the graph in FIG. 47 which shows the increase in the ratio of equilibrium constant values for two different temperatures as a function of ΔH°. This is simply a graph of equation (23) for T_(H) equal 85 C and T_(L) equal 25 C, however it is a powerful illustration of the utility of having high ΔH° for LETC reactions.

However, the larger the positive value of ΔH°, at a given temperature and a given value of ΔS°, the smaller the value of K_(eq). It may be possible to have such a large positive value of ΔH° giving such a small value of K_(eq) that even a many fold increase in the value of K_(eq) gives little or no observable light absorption change. This may happen because the [Me(HεL)_(y)] is so low that even a many fold increase in [Me(HεL)_(y)] with temperature is still a small concentration. Thus a large positive value of ΔS° is desirable, (if not necessary), in conjunction with a large, positive ΔH° if a reasonably low concentration of materials or a reasonably small path length, (layer thickness), is to be used. In essence, the ΔS° of the equilibrium reaction is important in that its value helps determine the position of the equilibrium at each temperature, while ΔH° determines the temperature dependence. FIG. 48 helps illustrate the influence of ΔS° on the effective temperature range for absorbance changes for LETC reactions like: Me(LεL)₃+4HεL

Me(HεL)₄+3LεL  (24)

FIG. 48 shows the absorbance calculated for a wavelength where the only LεMLC≡Me(LεL)₃ has as ε of 1 liters/mole*cm at a λmax of the HεMLC and the only HεMLC≡Me(HεL)₄ has an ε of 280 liters/mole*cm at a λmax of the HεMLC. The absorbance is calculated as a function of temperature by first calculating an equilibrium constant at each temperature based on the ΔS° values shown in FIG. 48 and a ΔH° of the reaction of 60 kJ/mol. Then the concentrations of Me(LεL)₃ and Me(HεL)₄ at each temperature are calculated based on the equilibrium constant and the values: [Me_(T)]=0.2M, [HεL_(T)]=1.6M and [LεL_(T)]=2.5M. The concentrations of Me(LεL)₃ and Me(HεL)₄, the values of the ε's and a path length of 0.075 cm are used to determine absorbance values. FIG. 48 confirms that while the overall magnitude of the absorbance change with temperature is determined by the value ΔH°, the temperature range where this absorbance change takes place is highly dependent on ΔS°. FIG. 48 illustrates how important it is to find reversible equilibria reactions not only with large positive values of ΔH°, but also with appropriately large positive values of ΔS°, if LETC systems are to operate over especially useful temperature ranges like 0 C to 100 C.

The present application discloses many LETC systems in which not only are there large positive values for ΔH° and ΔS°, these values are such that there is significant thermochromic activity over the 0 C to 100 C temperature range. This has been done by choosing systems which combine transition metal ions, HεL's, LεL's and solvent systems to give the desirable values of ΔH° and ΔS° which allow for large absorbance changes over a desirable temperature range. In general a ΔH° value from 40 kJ/mol to about 90 kJ/mol for the reversible LETC reaction is useful. In general it is also useful that the value of ΔS° in J/mol*K be such that when the value in J/mol*K is divided by the value of ΔH° in kJ/mol, that the quotient be between 1.5 and 3.5 even though the units of this quotient may not be meaningful. Thus e.g. if ΔH° is 40 kJ/mol then it is desirable to have ΔS° between 60 J/mol*K and 140 J/mol*K. Once the system, with its thermodynamics, is chosen, we have discovered how to optimize the system even further by judicious choices of concentrations and ratios for the constituents involved, especially for relatively thin layers in polymers. This is illustrated in many of the examples and is discussed further below.

Good performance for a chosen LETC system comes when the ratio of the total concentration of all HεL's to the total metal ion concentration, [HεL_(T)]/[Me_(T)], is as high as possible. This is illustrated in FIG. 49 with a calculation based on a system with the following LETC equilibrium equation for a bidentate LεL and a monodentate HεL: Me(LεL)₃+4HεL

Me(HεL)₄+3LεL  (25)

The system is assumed to have the following very realistic parameters:

-   -   ΔH°=50 kJ/mol     -   ΔS°=110 J/mol*K     -   ε(Me(LεL)₃)=1 l/mol*cm at λ_(max) of HεMLC     -   ε(Me(HεL)₄)=280 l/mol*cm at λ_(max) of HεMLC     -   Layer Thickness=b=0.075 cm     -   [Me_(T)]=0.2M

Equation 25 is assumed to be the only equilibrium of interest, which may be nearly the case for many of our systems, especially those in an indifferent or poorly coordinating solvent. Also assumed are (1) all of the metal ions are present in the LεMLC≡Me(LεL)₃ or the HεMLC≡Me(HεL)₄; (2) all of the HεL's molecules are free in solution or part of the HεMLC; and (3) all of the LεL's molecules are free in solution or part of the LεMLC. The thermochromic behavior in many of the figures herein shows these assumptions to be reasonable.

For each ratio, R, of [HεL_(T)]/[Me_(T)], the [LεL] was determined which would give the system an absorbance of A=0.8 at 85 C based on the above parameters, equilibrium equation and the equation: A=ε(Me(LεL)₃)*b*[Me(LεL)₃]+ε(Me(HεL)₄)*b*[Me(HεL)₄]  (26)

The value of [HεL_(T)] is determined by the value of R being used and the specified [Me_(T)]. The [LεL] values that were determined and then used are shown in FIG. 49. Using these [LεL]ε's, the absorbances at various temperatures throughout the 25 C to 85 C range were calculated for each ratio of [HεL_(T)]/[Me_(T)]. Then the absorbances versus temperature were plotted in FIG. 49. This graph shows that there is significant improvement in absorbance change over this temperature range as the ratio of [HεL_(T)]/[Me_(T)] is increased even though the required amount of LεL also increases.

In many practical applications there is a desire to have a TC layer as thin as possible. LETC systems with thicknesses in the range of 0.02 to 0.5 cm with reasonable to excellent performance are disclosed herein. To achieve high performance in thin films a relatively high concentration of metal ions should be present. However, there is a trade-off between how high the metal ion concentration needs to be and the desire for a large ratio of [HεL_(T)] to [Me_(T)], especially when solubility limits are taken into account.

As discussed before, the theoretical minimum metal ion concentrations depend on (1) the desired level of absorbance at an elevated temperature and a particular wavelength or series of wavelengths, (2) the path length, (layer thickness), of the LETC system and (3) the ε of the HεMLC. If an absorbance of at least, A(T_(H), λ), is desired at a higher temperature of operation at some λ, then the minimum metal ion concentration must be greater than or equal to A(T_(H), λ)/(ε(HεMLC, λ)*b); where b is the path length or layer thickness in centimeters. Practically, we have discovered that the preferred minimum [Me_(T)] is 1.5 times the theoretical minimum.

By analogy to the previous analysis, the maximum [Me_(T)] to be used is less than or equal to A(T_(L), λ)/(Eε(LεMLC, λ)*b). Thus useful transition metal ion concentrations are given by the following range: A(T _(L),λ)/(ε(LεMLC,λ)*b)>[Me]>1.5*(A(T _(H),λ)/(ε(HεMLC,λ)*b))  (27) where A(T_(L), λ) is the desired absorbance at λ at some lower temperature, T_(L), and A(T_(H), λ) is the desired absorbance at λ at some higher temperature, T_(H).

Of course the total metal ion concentration, [Me_(T)], is also constrained by the solubility limit of the LεMLC's and the HεMLC's in the system over the temperature range of operation as all of the Me in the system is either in LεMLC's or HεMLC's. The [Me_(T)] is also constrained by the ability of the system to provide an adequate [HεL]. Thus the useful [Me_(T)] is also determined by: [Me_(T)]≦0.25*(solubility limit of [HεL])  (28)

Reasonably good, although still approximate, values for ε can be found with a known metal ion concentration and an appropriate excess of LεL or HεL so that essentially all of the metal is converted to or is present in the LεMLC or the HεMLC form. The measured absorbance divided by the path length and the total metal ion concentration provides useful values of E(LεMLC) and of E(HεMLC). The following approximate ε values, mostly in γ-BL, were determined by such a procedure and can be used to calculate maximum and minimum preferred [Me_(T)] in a variety of LETC systems since the value of ε for coordination compounds is not particularly sensitive to the solvent involved:

TABLE 2 LεMLC λ_(max)(ε) λ_(max)(ε) λ_(max)(ε) λ_(max)(ε) Ni(NPG)₃ ²⁺ 395(7) 660(3) 720(3) 1194(4) Ni(TMOLP)₂ ²⁺ 383(6) 630(2) 711(2) 1097(3) Ni(water)₆ ²⁺ 396(6) 661(2) 726(3) 1163(3) Ni(DMSO)₆ ²⁺  420(10) 695(3) 784(3) 1177(3) Co(EG)₃ ²⁺ 518(9) Co(γ-BL)_(x) ²⁺  518(11) Co(PC)_(x) ²⁺  516(10) Co(18-crown-6)²⁺ 519(8) Co(bis(methylsulfinyl 546(8) methane)₃ ²⁺ λ_(max) is a wavelength of maximum absorbance in nanometers ε is the molar absorption coefficient in liters/(mole * cm)

TABLE 3 HεMLC λ_(max)(ε) λ_(max)(ε) λ_(max)(ε) λ_(max)(ε) λ_(max)(ε) CoCl₄ ²⁻ 635(475) 670(660) 695(810) CoBr₄ ²⁻ 642(235) 666(695)  700(1025)  724(1210) CoI₄ ²⁻ 696(410) 724(775)  782(1930) Co(Bu₃PO)₄ ²⁺ 560(205) 607(305) 634(360) Co(CF₃COO)₄ ²⁻ 535(125) 572(175) Co(salicylate)₄ ²⁻ 538(235) 577(360) Co((4-MeOPh)₂PO₂)₂ 561(220) 590(295) 608(315) 639(360) NiCl₄ ²⁻ 658(205) 704(210) NiBr₄ ²⁻ 709(285) 757(295) NiI₄ ²⁻  508(1650) 835(440) Ni(1-EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ 580(220) Ni(1-EtBIMZ)Br₃ ⁻ 640(255) Ni(4-(3-PhPr)Pyr)Br₃ ⁻ 639(225) Ni(N—Pr- 435(155) 717(45) dipicolylamine)Br₂ Ni(N-Bu-di(1-MeBIMZ- 448(140) 770(35) 2-yl-methyl)amine)Br₂ Ni(Ph₃P)₂Br₂ 590(195) 911(250) 1139(50)  Ni(Ph₃P)₂I₂  419(4520)  498(1800)  561(1730) 709(345) 747(410) Ni(TTCTD)²⁺ 500(370) λ_(max) is a wavelength of maximum absorbance in nanometers ε is the molar absorption coefficient in liters/(mole * cm)

Given the advantages of large ratios of [HεL_(T)]/[Me_(T)], and the desire for high [Me_(T)] and the desire for thin layer LETC systems, it becomes important to find highly soluble versions of HεL's. Fortunately, we have found that high, effective concentrations of halides in polymer systems may be achieved when ammonium and phosphonium cations that are tetrasubstituted are used. The substituents on nitrogen or phosphorus may be alkyl, aryl or combinations thereof.

After consideration of [Me_(T)] and [HεL_(T)], comes [LεL_(T)]. In fact, when high concentrations of [Me_(T)] and [HεL_(T)] are used, the limitation on the practicality of the system may depend on the solubility limit or physical properties imparted by the LεL(s). As long as the [LεL_(T)] is below its solubility limit and the limit where physical properties of the system become unacceptable, the specific LεL and its concentration are preferably chosen such that the absorbance of the LETC system, (even when the system is a thin polymer layer), is less than 0.2 at 25 C while the absorbance still increases to greater than 0.8 at 85 C. These absorbances are for the active wavelength range of TC activity for the particular LETC system. These ranges of TC activity are illustrated in FIGS. 1-46 in liquid solution with a large, (1 cm), path length. However, more remarkable are the results in FIGS. 51-58 for polymer layers with thicknesses from 0.031 to 0.098 cm. Many more ranges of absorbance changes are given in Table 27.

Thus, a high metal ion concentration is desirable as long as it is possible to still have large a ratio of [HεL_(T)]/[Me_(T)] and a concentration of LεL high enough to provide a desirable absorbance range. Another advantage of having large values for [HεL_(T)] and [LεL_(T)] can be seen by considering the mass balance and equilibrium equations below. Me(LεL)_(x) +yHεL=Me(HεL)_(y) +xLεL  (29) K _(eq)=([Me(HεL)_(y)][LεL]^(x))/([Me(LεL)_(x)][HεL]^(y))  (30)

If the [HεL_(T)] and [LεL_(T)] are both large relative to [Me_(T)], then the concentrations of free, non-coordinated HεL and LεL change only a small amount during a temperature induced shift in equilibrium. Small percentage changes in concentration of non-coordinated LεL and HεL during a temperature induced shift in equilibrium corresponds with larger changes in [Me(HεL)_(y)] and [Me(LεL)_(x)] than would be achieved otherwise. Thus when the ratio of HεL to metal ion is large and at the same time there is a large and appropriate concentration of LεL one obtains the highest performance for the system over a given temperature range.

Polymers

In LETC systems, polymers may provide a variety of functions. They may serve as:

-   -   a solvent or cosolvent     -   an indifferent matrix for the rest of the system     -   the solid phase of a gel     -   some or all of the LεL character     -   some or all of the HεL character     -   a laminating material which may also provide shatter resistance     -   TC or non-TC plastic substrates which may serve as window panes     -   separator layers     -   barrier layers     -   sealants     -   a combination of the above functions

Polymers for TC Layers

Sometimes polymer layers are referred to as films below a certain thickness and are referred to as sheets above that thickness. The LETC layers of the present invention may be films or sheets and may be free standing or suspended as a separate layer. Alternatively, the layers may be placed on a substrate or between substrates or be used to laminate substrates together. Remarkably, our LETC reactions take place in solid polymer based systems fast enough that there is essentially no lag time between the temperature change and the change in absorbance, at least on the time scale of 10 to 20 seconds.

Polymers for LETC layers include: poly(vinylalcohol), poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinylethylene-co-vinylalcohol), poly(vinylacetate), poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), urethanes, hydroxyalkylcelluloses, hydroxy-substituted acrylates and their copolymers. Other polymer possibilities include: poly(2-vinylpyridine), poly(1-glycerol methacrylate), cellulose carboxymethyl ether salt, cellulose hydroxyethyl ether, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and its copolymers, poly(vinyl methyl ether), polyacrylamide and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide).

One of the polymers, poly(vinyl butyral), (PVB), is made in multiple steps. Generally, polyvinylacetate is hydrolyzed to remove most of the acetyl groups and form polyvinylalcohol. Then most of the alcohol or hydroxyl groups are reacted with butyraldehyde to forms cyclic acetal groups. The PVB formed is thus a copolymer sometimes referred to as: poly(vinylbutyral-co-vinylalcohol-co-vinylacetate). PVB for many LETC systems has a high hydroxyl content and provides substantial LεL character. The cyclic acetal portion of the PVB acts as a good and indifferent solvent for many of the other constituents of the LETC system. Preferred hydroxyl content in this case is 18% or greater of that originally present in the poly(vinyl alcohol). For a few LETC systems where little LεL character is required, as for example with iodide and/or phosphine compounds as HεL's, PVB with lower hydroxyl content is may be used.

PVB is a useful polymer since it is well suited for use in lamination of glass sheets. However, in the presence of water and possible catalysts the acetal groups are subject to hydrolysis which would free butyraldehyde molecules. These molecules could subsequently react with monomeric LεL's which are β-diols. In this case it is preferred that water be removed as much a possible by pre-drying materials to be processed, venting during extrusion and/or drying of the LETC layer prior to subsequent use. Also, it is possible to use “monomeric” LεL's that are diols, triols or polyols that have β-diol functionality wherein one or both of the hydroxy groups is a secondary or a tertiary alcohol which helps prevent this “trans-acetalation” of the cyclic acetal moieties from the PVB to the other LεL's present. This is particularly important when the other LεL is more effective than the PVB at providing LεL character since the trans-acetalation process may decrease the overall amount of LεL character in the system. This is shown in the following undesirable reaction scheme:

LETC layers, based on PVB as a polymer matrix, may be effectively mixed and extruded in one step using a twin screw extrusion system. This avoids a separate, potential costly or thermally damaging compounding step. The twin screw system allows mixing and dissolution of the LETC material in PVB and the use of a gear pump between the end of the extrusion barrel and a film forming die allows the production of high quality films. The materials may be pre-dried and the extruder may be vented to allow additional water and other gases to be removed from the polymer prior to and during production of LETC layers. The materials that are fed into an extruder may be purged with an inert gas like nitrogen or argon. However, a LETC layer in PVB may be produced without the need for inert atmosphere conditions in the feed process as long as the extruder and die temperatures are kept below 150 C. The use of processing temperatures below 150 C is particularly advantageous in systems where iodide and/or phosphine compounds are used as HεL's to prevent irreversible discoloration in the layer produced. Above this temperature, the performance of the LETC layer produced may be seriously compromised.

Substrates

A substrate may serve as a mechanical support for LETC system or layers when they are not free standing by themselves. However, substrates are not considered part of the LETC system unless the LETC system itself is a free standing plastic sheet. If a LETC system is soft and has little structural integrity, it may simply be coated on a substrate. Alternatively, a pair of substrates, generally each made out of the same material, may be laminated together with a LETC layer which comprises a polymer. Here the substrates provide mechanical support and provide a symmetrical configuration that is not prone to bowing on heating. Bowing is minimized when the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrates are the same or closely matched. The laminate formed by two substrates bonded together with a LETC layer may act a safety or impact resistant window pane. This is especially valuable for bullet resistant and hurricane resistant window panes. In a laminate configuration the substrates may act as barriers to the ingress of oxygen, water and other contaminates over the area of the LETC layer. To provide an overall barrier, the edges of the laminate may be sealed.

Useful substrates include plastics and glass. Useful plastics for use as substrates include acrylic and polycarbonate sheets. Useful glass sheets are float glass or drawn sheets. Useful glass sheets for use as substrates are ones that have been have been cut very cleanly or have edge treated by seaming, grinding, mechanical or flame polishing and/or “pencil” edging so they resist cracking when heated. Also useful are glass sheets which have been heat strengthened, heat tempered or chemically tempered so that they also resist cracking when heated, especially when non-uniformly heated.

An approach has been developed in which a PVB film is bonded on one side of a tempered or heat strengthened sheet of glass and a thin film of plastic film is bonded to the PVB to provide a good optical quality surface. Examples of the thin plastic films are polyester, poly(ester terephthalate), poly(acrylic) or poly(carbonate). The thin plastic film may have an “excited” surface or adhesion promoting coating on the side to be bonded to the PVB. Excited surfaces may be provided by plasma, corona or ozone treatment. The thin plastic film may optionally be coated with a low emissivity or NIR reflective coating on one or both of its surfaces. This structure was prepared with tempered glass and it withstood temperature ranges from −40 C to +100 C without warping, bowing or delaminating. Even a thermo-shock test on going directly from a freezer at −40 C to +100 C did not cause breakage or delamination. The combination of using tempered or heat strengthened glass, PVB with good thermal expansion/contraction characteristics and a thin plastic film with an excited surface has allowed for this advantageous light weight, low cost and highly durable structure.

Plasticizers

LETC systems, contained in polymers, benefit from the presence of plasticizers. The benefits include ease of processing in for example an extrusion process including lower extrusion temperature, lower torque and better mixing. Plasticizers increase ease of product handling as the layers produced with plasticizers are easier to roll-up and process later in, for example, a lamination process or a pre-lamination process.

The plasticizers may be any material known in the art of plastics and polymer processing as a good plasticizer for the particular polymer in which a LETC system is contained, as long as the plasticizer does not seriously degrade the performance or durability of the LETC system. For example, if the polymer is poly(vinyl butyral), conventional plasticizers are found in the art and include diesters of triethylene glycol, of tetraethylene glycol, of adipic acid or of phthalic acid.

Plasticizer character is also provided by materials not conventionally used as plasticizers. Thus, diols and triols, in the amount normally used to provide LεL character, are effective plasticizers. In addition, quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium halides are also surprisingly good at plasticizing LETC polymer layers. These ligand-plasticizers are effective in plasticizing poly(vinyl butyral) so that it is easier to process into a film or sheet by extrusion at lower temperatures and the films or sheets are easier to process further especially when it comes to lamination of the LETC layer between sheets of glass or making a pre-laminate with a separator layer as described below.

Other unconventional plasticizers that not only help provide enhanced processing and desirable physical properties to the LETC layers produced may also provide enhanced solubility for LETC system components. These unconventionaly plasticizers include solvents like: acetonitrile, glutaronitrile, 3-methoxypropionitrile, sulfolane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea, dimethylsulfoxide, hexamethylphosphoramide, propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, ε-caprolactone and dimethylformamide.

While liquids may be used as plasticizers, we have found that there are times when it is useful to have a plasticizer that is a solid powder at room temperature. This allows the plasticizer to be physically mixed into the polymer resin without causing the mixture to become sticky and difficult to feed from a feed hopper into the feed throat of an extruder. Particularly useful materials that act as plasticizers and are solids at room temperature are the LεL diols and triols which are room temperature solids. Some of these with their melting points are given below.

TABLE 4 Plasticizer/LεL m.p. pentaerythritol 255-259 C. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3- 200-203 C. diol TMOLP 60-62 C. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-propylpropane-1,3- 100-102 C. diol cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriol, dihydrate 113 C. NPG 124-130 C. 2,2-dibutyl-1,3-butanediol 41-43 C. 2,2-diethyl-1,3-butanediol 59-61 C. 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 41-44 C.

Stabilizers and Additives and Barriers

Stabilization of LETC systems involves preventing or minimizing degradation due to heat and/or light induced reactions of materials within the system or reactions with materials which come from the environment. Of course the best approach to stability is to find materials that are inherently high in stability and we have discovered numerous LETC systems with good to excellent inherent stability including certain systems involving Ni(II) coordinate by iodide and Ni(II) coordinated by iodide in combination with other ligands. Somewhat less desirable than good inherent stability is to provide barriers and seals against the ingress of things that contribute to degradation, especially oxygen, water and ultraviolet light. This approach is discussed below with regard to barriers and in the section on seals. Even less desirable, yet still an important approach, is to provide additives which help deal with degradation processes via competitive light absorption, tying up degradation products or inhibiting further degradation.

LETC systems described herein exhibit excellent inherent stability. Many of these systems have been exposed to temperatures of 80 C for more than 10,000 hours with little or no degradation. Also, thermal stabilizers have been found which are compatible with the LETC systems and provide enhanced thermal stability. These include antioxidants and free radical inhibitors such as the hindered phenols. Some useful thermal stabilizers include 2,6-di-tertbutyl-4-methylphenol, (BHT), Irganox® 245, Irganox® 1010, Irganox® 1035, Irganox® 1076 and Irganox® 5057. The Irganox® materials are available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation of Tarrytown, N.Y.

Photodegradation, especially from short wavelength light, (like UV and short wavelength visible light), is an issue for many chromogenic systems including at least some LETC systems. Short wavelength light may be blocked by an absorbing barrier placed between a vulnerable layer and a source of UV and short wavelength visible light like the sun. Multiple layers of LETC systems are used in some cases to achieve broad spectral coverage and a particular color appearance, especially a gray appearance. A highly advantageous configuration for the multilayer LETC systems is described below. This involves placing UV absorbing materials in a layer which itself is less vulnerable to photodegradation. This layer is then placed between a source of short wavelength light and layers which are more vulnerable to photodegradation. Other advantageous configurations involve a short wavelength light absorbing barrier being provided by a substrate layer or even by a separator layer placed between the light source and the more vulnerable layers. The advantages of these configurations should not be underestimated, especially when one considers the difficulty in providing effective light absorbing barriers for most chromogenic systems.

Short wavelength absorbing additives, sometime called “UV absorbers”, may be divided into two groups. The first group includes materials which simply absorb short wavelength light. Materials of this group are ethyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate and (2-ethylhexyl)-3,3-diphenylacrylate available from BASF Corporation of Rensselaer, N.Y. as Uvinul 3035 and Uvinul 3039 respectively. The second group involves absorbers of short wavelength light which also function as stabilizers against the propagation of degradation initiated by light exposure. Materials of this group are hydroxybenzophenones, hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles and hydroxyphenyltriazines. Examples of these materials sold under the trade names: Tinuvin® P, Tinuvin® 213, Tinuvin® 234, Tinuvin® 326, Tinuvin® 327, Tinuvin® 328, Tinuvin® 400, Tinuvin® 405 and Tinuvin® 479. These materials are available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation of Tarrytown, N.Y. Also useful are nickel salt stabilizers like dialkyldithiocarbamates which are good UV absorbers even though they are bit yellow in polymer films.

Also useful are nickel salt stabilizers like bis(dialkyldithiocarbamates)Ni(II) which are good UV absorbers even though they are bit yellow in polymer films. While these materials were generally considered to only be good absorbers, there is some literature to support the possibility that these material may also participate in stabilization by chemical means.

These short wavelength absorbing additives, not only promote stability as part of LETC system or layer, they can be added to a polymer like PVB and extruded in a film with excellent UV barrier properties. Barrier films with a cutoff of about 390 nm have been prepared with 0.5 weight % Tinuvin® 326 in an approximately 500 micron thick layer of Butvar® B-90 which was plasticized with tri(ethylene glycol) bis(2-ethylhexanoate). A cutoff of about 400 nm is obtained under similar conditions with 1 weight % Tinuvin® 326 in a similar film.

Any of the UV absorbing materials disclosed herein may be used as short wavelength absorbers in barrier layers, LETC layers, plastic substrates and separator layers. However, some of the second group UV stabilizer/absorber materials are somewhat effective at complexing to metal ions and these complexes are not always stable with time. Therefore when materials from the second group are added directly to LETC systems or layers it is useful to choose the materials which are sterically hindered against strong complex formation or are inherently poor complexing agents. The more useful materials from group two in this case are Tinuvin® 213 Tinuvin® 234 Tinuvin® 326, Tinuvin® 327, Tinuvin® 328, Tinuvin® 400, Tinuvin® 405 and Tinuvin® 479.

FIG. 42 is a good illustration of the addition of UV absorber/stabilizers directly to a LETC system. Here the Tinuvin® 405 does not appear to interfere by coordinating the Ni(II) ions. Also, FIG. 42 shows that the absorbance of the system is very high at wavelength shorter than about 380 nm. This system is thus a great barrier for any system that might be behind this system when it is exposed to sunlight.

Also effective in helping stabilize LETC systems and short wavelength absorbing barriers are light stabilizers that themselves are not very effective at absorbing short wavelength light. Preferred materials of this type are hindered amine light stabilizers, (HALS). Useful HALS include Tinuvin® 144, Tinuvin® 765 and Tinuvin® 770 available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation of Tarrytown, N.Y.

The present application also discloses the use of the inherent or the thermally induced short wavelength absorbing ability of LETC systems like those involving nickel ions and bromide ions. As seen in FIGS. 1 and 54, LETC systems like these provide outstanding absorption of short wavelength light especially at higher temperatures. These LETC systems or layers may be used to protect layers that are more vulnerable to combined thermal and photodegradation. Also some of these layers with Ni(II) and bromide are inherently photostable on their own so they are better suited to being exposed to sunlight and acting as barriers in front of many other more UV sensitive LETC systems.

UV barriers were found to be effective in extending the useful life of LETC systems. In particular, when a thermochromic like that of FIG. 52 was laminated between pieces of plain glass, the laminate had less than 2% haze as measured based on the amount of scattering of transmitted light. After 500 hours of exposure to 0.55 watts per square meter at 340 nm from a xenon arc lamp in a chamber with a black panel temperature of greater than 80 C, a gray hazy precipitate formed gave the laminate a haze level over 10%. A laminate was prepared with three polymer layers between two sheets of plain glass. The polymer layers were: 1) a UV barrier layer containing Tinuvin® 326 in PVB that cutoff wavelengths of light less than 390 nm; 2) a poly(ester-terephthalate) separator; and 3) a layer of the same type of thermochromic system as above. After this laminate was exposed with the UV barrier facing the xenon arc lamp, almost no gray hazy precipitate formed in the TC layer, the haze level was less than 5% and the overall TC performance remained nearly unchanged.

Separators and Pre-Lamination

Separator layers may be desirable in multilayer thermochromic systems to prevent intermixing of the thermochromic materials. It is particularly useful for the separator layer to have an index of refraction close to that of the polymers used in the thermochromic layer so that reflective losses will be minimized. For example, poly(vinyl butyral) is an often used polymer for a LETC layer and it is reported to have an index of refraction from 1.485 to 1.490. When the LETC layer is contained in a layer of poly(vinyl butyral), plastic materials with good index of refraction match that may be used as chemical separators or diffusion barrier layers between LETC layers may be selected from the following Table:

TABLE 5 Refractive Polymer Index Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) 1.463 Poly(vinyl propionate) 1.466 Poly(vinyl acetate) 1.467 Poly(vinyl methyl ether) 1.467 Poly(ethylene succinate) 1.474 Cellulose acetate butyrate 1.475 Cellulose acetate 1.475 Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer-40% vinyl acetate 1.476 Ethyl cellulose 1.479 Poly(methyl acrylate) 1.479 Poly(oxymethylene) 1.480 Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer-33% vinyl acetate 1.482 Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) 1.483 Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer-28% vinyl acetate 1.485 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 1.489 Polypropylene, isotactic 1.490 Methyl cellulose 1.497 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 1.500 Poly(vinyl methyl ketone) 1.500 Poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) 1.506 Poly(isobutylene) 1.510 Polyethylene, low density 1.510

Other, useful separators include polycarbonates, poly(ester terephthalates) and other polyesters, especially those polycarbonates and polyesters that are hydrophobic or poor at solubilizing salts. In addition, crosslinked or highly crystalline materials may be used as separators or diffusion barriers. For example poly(vinyl alcohol) is reasonably hydrophilic but in the absence of water it is a good barrier because of a high degree of order due to strong hydrogen bonding. Crosslinking in a separator in general may also be effective in the prevention of diffusion or migration of non-ionic ligands like pyridines, imidazoles and phosphines. Alternatively, non-ionic ligands may be attached to a polymer in the LETC layer or may be modified with the attachment of polar or ionic substituents so they are less likely to diffuse through a separator. For example 1-hydroxyethybenzimidazole and a benzimidazole substituted with a quaternary ammonium group are less likely to diffuse through a hydrophobic, polymeric, separator layer than an alkyl substituted benzimidazole like 1-EtBIMZ.

An alternative type of separator may be provided by a thermoset type of adhesive that is used to bond multiple LETC layers together. The adhesive forming system may contain reactive groups which optionally form bonds directly to a polymer in the LETC layer. For example the adhesive may contain isocyanate groups which are part of a polyurethane adhesive which covalently bond also to hydroxyl groups of a hydroxyl group containing polymer on the surface of a LETC layer and make the surface of the layer less permeable in the process. Other adhesive systems include epoxies, silicones and acrylates.

When multi-layer thermochromic systems are used or when a separate UV barrier layer is used to protect a thermochromic layer, it may be desirable to prepare a pre-laminate. This pre-laminate may be prepared by an in-line process by co-extruding the thermochromic layer(s), optional barrier layer and the separator layer(s) at the same time, and the layers may be bonded together while the polymer layers are still hot from the extruder dies. Alternatively, the layers may be extruded together in a multi-manifold die to produce a barriers, TC layers and separator in an intimately bonded stack.

A pre-laminate may also be prepared in an off-line process in which a barrier layer is bonded to one or more thermochromic layers with one or more separator layers. Alternatively, two or more thermochromic layers may be pre-laminated together with one or more separator layers in an off line process. In the off line process, an advantage has been realized with the use of separator layers that have one or both of their surfaces pretreated, activated or excited to promote adhesion between the separator layer and the UV barrier and/or thermochromic layers. The pre-laminates made with pretreated, activated or excited surfaces on the separator layer are easier to use in subsequent lamination between sheets of glass or plastic since the layers stay together and behave essentially as a single layer. Pretreating, activating or exciting the surface dramatically decreases issues with de-lamination during years of use of LETC window panes. The separator surfaces may be pretreated, activated or excited by glow discharge, plasma or corona treatment process in vacuum, inert atmosphere or in air. Alternately, pretreatment with ozone may be provided in an oxygen atmosphere.

Although, a separator or diffusion barrier layer is primarily used to prevent intermixing of the materials from individual thermochromic layers when there are multiple thermochromic layers present, they may also act as barriers to UV light. This allows the separator to protect underlying layers from UV exposure. Also, UV absorbing materials, like those described in the additives section of this patent, may be more compatible with the separator layer than a layer containing a LETC system. This is especially true given that some UV absorbers/stabilizers like hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles may have undesirable interactions with transition metal ions.

Also, the separator may contribute to the structural integrity and shatter resistance of the window. In this case the separator function may be provided by a relatively thick film or sheet of plastic. With multiple thermochromic layers and one or more, thick separator layers the overall window laminate may even become hurricane, explosion, theft, vandalism and/or bullet resistant.

Seals

Seals are of interest especially for LETC layers which are sensitive to oxygen, water and/or environmental contaminants. For example, systems involving iodide, systems involving phosphine compounds and systems involving both iodide and phosphine compounds benefit from seals that minimize the ingress of oxygen in the layers containing these systems. An edge seal may be provided when the LETC layer is laminated between sheets of glass or sheets of plastic. The edge seal should cover the edge of the laminate around the entire perimeter to provide a barrier for ingress of materials into the LETC layer. The edge seal may be a thermoplastic, a thermoset, a rubber, a metallized tape or combinations thereof. Useful thermoset seal materials are urethanes and epoxies. Suitable seals are epoxy systems disclosed for use as perimeter seals in U.S. Pat. No. 6,665,107, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Useful thermoplastic seal materials are good barrier polymers like poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylidene chloride), (polyvinylidene fluoride), EVOH, and certain rubbers. Thermoplastic or thermoset systems overlayed with an impermeable metal foil or tape are useful edge seal systems especially when the LETC systems contain ligands like iodide or phosphine compounds they are or are not used as ligands.

Color and Color Coordinates

See “Principles of Color Technology, 2^(nd) Edition”, F. W. Billmeyer Jr. and M. Saltzman, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1981) for a discussion of color and color coordinates including definitions of Y, L*, a*, b* and c*. The variation of c* with temperature is herein referred to as the color sweep or shift of the LETC system. Generally, it is useful to have small variations in c* i.e. small color sweep or shifts with temperature. Many useful systems or combinations of systems have both small c* values and small amount of color sweep as discussed below.

For the use of LETC systems in applications like energy saving windows, especially, SRT™ Windows, there is a demand for certain colors. While fixed tint windows which are gray, green, blue and bronze are in widespread use, the most desirable color, (or lack thereof), for variable tint windows is gray. This is especially true when the window is or is able to become heavily tinted as the view through a heavily tinted gray window maintains the same color rendition for objects viewed through the window as is maintained with a lightly tinted or nearly colorless window. Also it is highly desirable for the daylighting that comes in through the window to be color neutral so that people and objects illuminated by that light have a normal appearance. Disclosed herein are interesting systems with a green, blue or bronze appearance when lightly tinted which change to gray when heavily tinted. These systems and those that are close to gray at all tint levels are particularly useful.

LETC systems with absorbance peaks throughout the visible and/or NIR are disclosed herein. However, just a few special, single composition systems that are reasonably gray have been found. A few more combinations of two compositions or layers of LETC materials have been discovered that provide good gray appearance throughout the entire temperature range of intended use. Many more combinations involving three compositions or layers have been discovered that provide good gray appearance. Gray systems are illustrated in the Examples Section of this disclosure.

Useful LETC systems are those that not only maintain a consistent gray appearance throughout a large temperature range; they also have a large change in visible light and/or total solar absorption. Single layer LETC systems are disclosed herein, which have a c* of less than 25 throughout the temperature range of 25 C to 85 C and still have a change in Y from greater than 70 at 25 C to less than 15 at 85 C. Some of the two layer LETC systems have a c* of less than 21 throughout the temperature range of 25 to 85 C and still have a change in Y from greater than 75 at 25 C to less than 15 at 85 C. Some of the three layer LETC systems have a c* of less than 15 and still have a change in Y from greater than 80 at 25 C to less than 15 at 85 C. These systems have minimal color shift over the active range of these novel TC systems.

Some of the multilayer systems have the added advantage that they also provide reversibly variable transmission in the NIR as well as the visible. However, the more compositions required the more complicated and expensive the product becomes. Thus the systems that provide broad spectral attenuation and gray appearance with one or at most two layers are special.

Applications

A preferable use for our LETC layers is as part of an SRT™ window package. Many configurations are possible for such windows. A few configurations are:

-   -   1) A LETC layer that is laminated between sheets of tempered or         heat strengthened glass, wherein this laminate serves as the         center pane of a triple pane window. Preferably, in this         configuration, there is one or more than one low-e coating         between the LETC layer and the interior of the vehicle or         building in which the window is installed.     -   2) A LETC system is contained in a free standing plastic sheet         or is contained in a polymer layer which is laminated between         two plastic sheets and is used as the center pane of a triple         pane window. The interior pane of the triple pane window         preferably has a low-e coating on the surface facing the LETC         system.     -   3) A LETC layer is laminated between sheets of edge treated         glass and is used as the exterior pane of a double pane window.         Either one or both of the glass surfaces in contact with the gas         space of the double pane has a low-e coating.     -   4) A LETC layer is bonded to a sheet of tempered or heat         strengthened glass and a layer of plastic film is bonded to the         LETC layer. This pane is used as the exterior pane of a double         pane window with the plastic film in contact with the gas space         or this pane is used as the center pane of a triple pane window.         A pane with a low-e layer is used as the interior pane in either         case and the low-e layer is oriented to face the pane with the         LETC layer.     -   5) A LETC layer is laminated between a sheet of NIR absorbing         glass and the uncoated side of a sheet of glass coated with a         low emissivity coating, which coating has substantial NIR         absorption character. This laminate is used as the exterior pane         of a double pane window with the low emissivity coating in         contact with the gas space of the double pane window.     -   6) A LETC layer that is laminated between a first sheet of         tempered or heat strengthened glass and the uncoated side of a         second sheet of tempered or heat strengthened glass coated with         a hard coat low emissivity coating. This laminate is used as the         interior pane of a double pane window, wherein the hard coat low         emissivity coating is in contact with the interior of the         vehicle or building in which the window is installed.

Many more examples are given in our co-pending application on window structures.

SRT™ windows may be used in a variety of applications such as variable light absorption windows for residential and commercial buildings including skylights and atrium glazing and variable light absorption windows for boats, ships, aircraft and motor vehicles including moon roofs and sun roofs. The windows may include artful designs of different colored LETC systems like a variable light transmission stained glass window.

When a triple pane window is constructed with the LETC system as part of the center pane, there are two interfaces in contact with a gas for each pane, giving a total of six interfaces. The reflection from each of these interfaces will add up and may become objectionable. Thus we have discovered an advantage to placing anti-reflection coating on one or more surfaces in the window package.

LETC systems may be used to prepare variable reflectance mirrors by placing LETC layer on a reflector or on a substrate coated with a reflector. The LETC layer may be protected by laminating the layer between a transparent substrate and a reflector coated substrate. The reflector may be used as a resistive heater to heat the LETC layer and thus vary the reflectance of the mirrors.

LETC systems may be used as a means to monitor the temperature in various environments as long as the transmission change of the system can be measured or observed. Temperature determination may range from visual comparisons to full spectral measurements. This is a particularly useful means of monitoring temperature at the tip of a fiber optic cable that may be used for, among other things, as a catheter for insertion into a body.

An SRT™ window may be used to monitor the intensity and directness of sunlight, as both the transmission and the temperature of the thermochromic layer change with sunlight intensity in a reproducible manner.

LETC systems may be used to display information in devices where certain regions are heated or the active LETC layer is patterned in a manner such that individual segments may be heated. Heating may be provided by resistive heating or by selective light exposure by a light source such as a laser or other source providing a focused light beam or localized heating.

While our best understanding of these TC processes involves changes in concentrations of MLC's, we have discovered and herein describe many thermochromic systems that have a reversible, net increase in their abilities to absorb light energy in the visible and/or NIR range as the temperature of the system is increased, no matter what the explanation.

EXAMPLES

Table 6 gives the formulations of liquid solution LETC systems for Examples 1-46. In each case, the solution was prepared by dissolving the materials in 5 milliliters of γ-BL. In each example, some of the solution was placed in a 1 cm borosilicate cuvette, a small stir bar was placed in the cuvette and the cuvette was placed in the sample beam of a Shimadzu UV-3101PC spectrophotometer. The solution was stirred and heated and the temperature was monitored with a thermocouple immersed in the solution in the cuvette. A similar, unheated 1 cm cuvette containing only the solvent was placed in the reference beam of the spectrophotometer. In each example the absorption spectrum of the solution was measured from 350 nm to 1150 nm at 25 C and then the solution was heated to 45 C and the spectrum was measured. Then the solution was heated to 65 C and the spectrum was measured and so on at 85 C and 105 C. FIGS. 1-46 correspond, numerically, to Examples 1-46. The Figures show the spectrum measured at 25 C, at 45 C, at 65 C, at 85 C and at 105 C for the solutions described in these Examples. In each case the spectrum with the lowest absorbance corresponds to 25 C, the next highest absorbance spectrum corresponds to 45 C and so on such that the spectrum with highest absorbance peaks in each Figure corresponds that measured at 105 C. In all the FIGS. 1-46, the x axis, (horizontal axis), gives the wavelengths in nanometers and the y axis, (vertical axis), gives the absorbance values. For the examples in Table 6, the molarity values were calculated based on an assumed 5 ml total solution volume. Volume changes due to components dissolved in the 5 ml of γ-BL were not considered.

TABLE 6 Conc. Type Materials in LETC System (molarity) Example 1 - FIG. 1 HεL TBABr 0.21 LεL TMOLP 0.19 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 2 - FIG. 2 HεL TEACl—H₂O 0.2 LεL TMOLP 0.51 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 3 - FIG. 3 HεL TBAI 0.2 LεL TMOLP 0.022 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.002 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.002 Example 4 - FIG. 4 HεL TBAI 0.15 HεL CF₃COOLi 0.35 LεL TMOLP 0.16 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.01 Example 5 - FIG. 5 HεL TBABr 0.12 HεL 2,2′-ethane-1,2-diyldipyridine 0.04 LεL NPG 2.05 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.04 Example 6 - FIG. 6 HεL LiBr 0.05 HεL Ph₃P 0.2 LεL TMOLP 1.27 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.01 Example 7 - FIG. 7 HεL TEACl—H₂O 0.16 HεL Ph₃P 0.2 LεL EG 1.9 Metal Ni(NO₃)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 8 - FIG. 8 HεL TBABr 0.06 HεL N-Bu-di(1-MeBIMZ-2-yl-methyl)amine 0.02 LεL TMOLP 0.095 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 9 - FIG. 9 HεL TBAI 0.02 HεL Ph₃P 0.1 LεL TMOLP 0.35 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.002 Example 10 - FIG. 10 EXM ZnCl₂ 0.3 HεL TEACl—H₂O 0.2 LεL Glycerol 0.013 Metal Cu(NO₃)₂—2.5H₂O 0.0025 Metal Co(BF₄)₂- 6H₂O 0.012 Example 11 - FIG. 11 EXM ZnCl₂ 0.32 HεL TEACl—H2O (TEACl) 0.09 Metal Cu(NO₃)₂—2.5H₂O 0.01 Example 12 - FIG. 12 HεL TTCTD 0.02 LεL 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol 0.38 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H2O 0.01 Example 13 - FIG. 13 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL 2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1-propyl-1H- 0.04 benzimazole) LεL TMOLP 0.18 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 14 - FIG. 14 HεL LiBr 0.2 LεL NPG 0.86 Metal Ni(NO₃)₂—6H₂O 0.021 Example 15 - FIG. 15 HεL Ph₃P 0.3 LεL NPG 1.23 Complex NiBr₂(Ph₃P)₂ 0.01 Example 16 - FIG. 16 HεL Ph₃P 0.044 HεL LiBr 0.16 LεL EG 1.3 Metal Ni(NO₃)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 17 - FIG. 17 HεL N-propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine 0.015 HεL LiBr 0.2 HεL 4-tert-butylpyridine 0.01 LεL TMOLP 0.29 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 18 - FIG. 18 HεL LiBr 0.2 HεL N-propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine 0.025 LεL TMOLP 0.15 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.04 Example 19 - FIG. 19 HεL TBABr 0.04 LεL NPG 1.33 Complex NiBr₂[2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1-pentyl-1H- 0.04 benzimidazole)]₂ Solvent γ-GB Example 20 - FIG. 20 HεL TBA(4-MeOPh)₂PO₂ 0.05 LεL TMOLP 1.51 LεL Di-TMOLP 0.17 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.01 Example 21 - FIG. 21 HεL TBABr 0.015 HεL 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole 0.005 LεL TMOLP 0.031 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.005 Example 22 - FIG. 22 HεL poly(2-vinylpyridine) 0.12 HεL LiBr 0.2 LεL EG 0.95 Metal Ni(NO₃)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 23 - FIG. 23 HεL TBABr 0.08 HεL 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole 0.1 LεL TMOLP 0.31 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 24 - FIG. 24 HεL TBABr 0.08 LεL TMOLP 0.95 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.005 Example 25 - FIG. 25 HεL choline chloride 0.1 LεL TMOLP 2.34 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.01 Example 26 - FIG. 26 HεL TBABr 0.06 HεL 1-Et-BIMZ 0.0602 LεL NPG 1.54 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 27 - FIG. 27 HεL TBAI 0.04 LεL TMOLP 0.07 Complex NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ 0.005 Example 28 - FIG. 28 HεL TBABr 0.08 HεL 2,2′-propane-2,2-diyl(1H-benzothiazole) 0.04 LεL TMOLP 0.064 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 29 - FIG. 29 HεL 6-methyl-2,2′-dipyridyl 0.02 HεL LiBr 0.16 LεL TMOLP 0.23 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 30 - FIG. 30 HεL 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyridyl 0.02 HεL LiBr 0.2 LεL TMOLP 1.21 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 31 - FIG. 31 HεL TBAI 0.2 HεL LiBr 0.04 LεL EG 0.3 Metal Ni(NO₃)₂—6H₂O 0.02 R/O Oxford Blue 0.0037 Example 32 - FIG. 32 HεL CF₃COOLi 0.35 HεL TEAI 0.15 LεL EG 0.6 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.01 R/O Ruby Red 0.0025 Example 33 - FIG. 33 HεL TBABr 0.061 HεL Di-(2-picolyl)amine 0.024 LεL TMOLP 0.066 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 34 - FIG. 34 LεL N-propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine 0.27 Complex Ni(diisobutyldithiophosphinate)₂ 0.02 Example 35 - FIG. 35 HεL Ph₃P 0.06 HεL TBAI 0.06 HεL CF₃COOLi 0.35 LεL NPG 0.5 Metal Co(BF₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 36 - FIG. 36 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL 6-methyl-N-phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2- 0.02 amine LεL NPG 1.52 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 37 - FIG. 37 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL 1-ethyl-N-methyl-N-pyridin-2-yl-1H- 0.02 benzimidazol-2-amine LεL NPG 0.47 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 38 - FIG. 38 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL N-[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-N- 0.02 pyridin-2ylpyridin-2-amine LεL NPG 0.61 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 39 - FIG. 39 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine 0.02 LεL NPG 1.85 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 40 - FIG. 40 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine 0.008 HεL N-ethyl-N-(pyridine-2ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine 0.005 LεL NPG 0.59 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 41 - FIG. 41 HεL TBABr 0.2 HεL N-pyridin-2-yl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2- 0.04 amine LεL NPG 0.089 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 42 - FIG. 42 HεL TBAI 0.009 HεL 4-(3-PhPr)Pyr 0.003 LεL TMOLP 0.014 Metal (TBA)₂NiI₄ 0.003 Additive Ph₃P 0.001 Additive Tinuvin ® 405 0.003 Example 43 - FIG. 43 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL 2-pyridin-2-ylethanamine 0.02 LεL NPG 0.74 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 44 - FIG. 44 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL 6-methyl-N-[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N- 0.02 pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine LεL NPG 1.21 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 45 - FIG. 45 HεL TBABr 0.1 HεL N-(6-methylpyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine 0.02 LεL NPG 1.49 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.02 Example 46 - FIG. 46 HεL potassium hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl) 0.005 borate HεL TBABr 0.026 LεL TMOLP 0.026 Metal Ni(ClO₄)₂—6H₂O 0.005

Examples of Gray Combinations

Some of the single layer LETC systems we have discovered, which have a c* of less than 25 throughout the range of 25 C to 85 C with a Y from greater than 70 at 25 C and less than 15 at 85 C are listed in Table 7. These are c* and Y values for the LETC system alone and not for other components like substrates that might be part of a window package. Each example in Table 7 is based on a formulation given by the entry from Table 27. The spectra used to calculate c* and Y is the given percentage of the spectra obtained when heating a solution of the formulation given in Table 27. LETC systems with the characteristic given in Table 7 can be achieved either by using the percentage of the formulation from Table 27 or by keeping the formulation the same and changing the path length or layer thickness of the system. It is also possible to achieve similar results with these systems for a wide variety of concentrations and path lengths. Thus information from liquid solution based LETC systems with large path lengths can be used to design thinner polymer layer based systems with similar change in white light transmission, similar colors and similar color sweep or shift with temperature.

TABLE 7 % of Entry 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. Example # of Table 27 Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* 47 80% of 925 75.6|−10.6|−4.7|11.6 60.0|−2.9|−2.0|3.5 33.9|11.9|−2.2|12.1 14.9|22.3|−7.2|23.4 48 105% of 708  74.8|−18.3|−4.6|18.8 61.6|−15.9|−8.2|17.9 36.4|−9.3|−14.4|17.2 14.9|−0.1|−16.0|16.0 49 89% of 733 72.3|−18.3|1.4|18.4 59.2|−14.1|4.4|14.8 34.8|−4.3|5.9|7.3 14.7|4.8|3.9|6.2 50 82% of 827 73.2|−10.4|−6.4|12.3 57.0|−9.0|−7.6|11.8 32.8|−3.9|−9.1|9.9 14.7|4.4|−4.0|5.9 51 78% of 830 75.4|−9.3|−4.7|10.4 56.7|−7.8|−6.8|10.4 30.9|−4.0|−9.9|10.7 14.8|−1.5|−3.6|3.9 52 80% of 829 76.1|−7.7|−3.6|8.5 56.4|−4.1|−9.2|10.0 31.1|3.1|−16.9|17.1 14.9|9.1|−15.8|18.2

For examples of two layer systems, the spectra in FIGS. 1-32, were combined in various combinations and each combination was checked to see if it met certain performance criteria with regard to color and range of transmission. Combinations made by adding various amounts of the spectra from just two LETC layers are given below. These combinations met the criteria of c* less than 20 throughout the range of 25 C to 85 C with a Y from greater than 75 at 25 C and less than 15 at 85 C. These are values for the LETC system alone and not for other components like substrates that might be part of a window package. In practice one can reliably predict the combined spectrum of two or more systems by simply adding the spectra of two separate systems at each temperature of interest. Since the TC systems are, or would, be in separate layers, it is not surprising that the absorption spectra of light passing through the layers would be a simple sum of the separate absorption spectra. From the summed absorption spectra one can calculate the overall white light transmittance, Y, and the color coordinates, (see Principles of Color Technology, 2^(nd) Edition”, F. W. Billmeyer Jr. and M. Saltzman, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1981)).

TABLE 8 % of % of 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. Ex. # Figure Figure Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* 53 66% of 2 86% of 12 87.3|−1.0|3.1|3.3 70.0|5.9|5.3|7.9 38.3|11.5|3.2|12.0 14.7|14.0|−2.8|14.3 54 32% of 3 56% of 20 89.6|−4.7|9.6|10.7 72.8|−6.6|2.5|7.1 38.3|−4.4|−11.6|12.4 14.7|5.5|−13.7|14.8 55 60% of 4 54% of 12 84.3|−1.2|8.0|8.0 65.0|1.2|3.9|4.1 35.4|5.6|−4.3|7.0 14.8|10.5|−10.6|14.9 56 24% of 5 28% of 27 91.2|−4.5|5.5|7.1 70.8|−2.4|6.4|6.9 37.4|5.1|2.2|5.6 14.6|13.8|−0.2|13.8 57 28% of 5 16% of 31 88.8|−7.5|8.8|11.5 69.2|−8.2|11.4|14.0 36.9|−5.8|13.7|14.9 14.5|4.0|10.2|11.0 58 34% of 5 62% of 33 78.8|−7.8|6.2|10.0 60.8|−10.9|9.8|14.6 33.0|−8.8|0.8|8.9 15.0|−3.1|−12.7|13.1 59 36% of 5 10% of 23 90.7|−8.5|8.4|11.9 69.1|−10.1|9.6|14.0 35.7|−10.3|4.8|11.4 14.7|−4.0|−9.7|10.4 60 38% of 5 34% of 9  90.4|−8.0|8.6|11.8 68.5|−8.9|8.3|12.2 35.3|−5.7|−3.0|6.4 14.8|−0.9|−14.2|14.3

For examples of three layer systems, the spectra in FIGS. 1-46, were combined in various combinations and the combinations were checked to see if they met certain performance criteria with regard to color and range of transmission. Many combinations gave good values for Y and c* when adding various amounts of the spectra from three LETC layers. Some representative results made are given below. These combinations met the criteria of c* less than 10 throughout the range of 25 C to 85 C with a Y from greater than 80 at 25 C and less than 15 at 85 C. These are values for the LETC system alone and not for other components like substrates that might be part of window package.

TABLE 9 % of % of % of 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. Ex. # Figure Figure Figure Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* Y|a*|b*|c* 61 10% of 1 25% of 5  30% of 27 90.2|−5.3|5.9|7.9 68.7|−3.6|6.6|7.6 34.5|2.7|1.8|3.3 12.4|9.6|−1.2|9.7 62 10% of 1 20% of 26 35% of 27 89.8|−2.3|−0.5|2.3 66.7|0.2|−4.3|4.3 33.2|4|−8|8.9 14.2|7.5|−0.1|7.5 63 15% of 1 100% of 6  95% of 12 80.3|−2.2|3.7|4.3 59.8|−2.8|1.9|3.4 32.5|3|1.8|3.5 14.1|9.3|3.2|9.8 64 20% of 1 35% of 4  60% of 36 85.6|−4.2|8|9 63.9|0|7|7 32.1|6.9|2.4|7.3 14.7|8.4|−4.7|9.6 65 25% of 1 65% of 2  80% of 12 86.4|−2.7|3.3|4.3 69.1|2.4|4.6|5.2 37.7|5.7|1.2|5.8 14.5|8.2|−5.5|9.9 66 25% of 1 30% of 36 60% of 41 82.6|−0.7|−1.8|2 66.9|−0.1|−0.5|0.5 36|3.1|−1.7|3.5 14.6|6.2|−7.7|9.9 67 30% of 1 65% of 44 40% of 46 81.5|−6.8|4.9|8.4 58.2|−4.3|8.7|9.7 28.5|2.5|9|9.3 14.3|6.2|6.8|9.2 68 35% of 1 30% of 12 65% of 41 81.6|0.5|−3.4|3.5 67.6|0.5|−2.7|2.7 37.9|2.2|−3.4|4.1 14.4|6.9|−7.2|10 69 45% of 1 15% of 23 85% of 39 82.2|−2.8|1.5|3.2 63.8|0.8|1.7|1.8 36.4|1.8|7.8|8 14.8|8.6|0.4|8.6 70 45% of 1 50% of 39 50% of 45 84.6|−4.9|3.9|6.3 65|−1.8|7.2|7.4 35.1|3|9.4|9.9 14.3|7.1|4.9|8.7 71 50% of 1 90% of 12 100% of 24  82.8|0.5|3.3|3.3 63.3|2.4|3.2|4 34.2|4.7|2.2|5.2 14.7|9.1|3|9.6 72 55% of 1 15% of 7  65% of 36 86.1|−6.9|5.1|8.6 63.7|−2.4|5|5.5 31.4|5.8|1.6|6 14.7|8.5|−4|9.5 73 55% of 1 60% of 9  90% of 39 81|−2.3|1.9|3 62.5|1.9|0.8|2 35.8|5.8|0.5|5.8 14.7|9.2|0.3|9.2 74 55% of 1 30% of 14 70% of 36 87.4|−6.8|6.7|9.5 66|−1.8|9.6|9.8 33.1|4.2|8.7|9.7 14.8|3.1|2|3.7 75 95% of 1 15% of 13 65% of 36 83.4|−6.6|5.3|8.5 62.2|−0.7|6.6|6.6 31|8|5.6|9.7 14.5|9.4|1.3|9.5 76 95% of 1 10% of 28 65% of 36 82.1|−5.4|3.8|6.6 60.8|0.5|4|4.1 31|8.3|2.7|8.7 15|9.3|−1.4|9.4 77 95% of 1  5% of 32 65% of 36 81.7|−5|5.6|7.5 60.3|−0.5|7.1|7.1 30.7|5.7|6.5|8.7 14.8|6.3|2.8|6.9 78 95% of 1 65% of 36 15% of 37 82.7|−7.8|5.3|9.4 61.7|−2.1|6.6|6.9 30.7|6.9|5.2|8.6 14|9.6|0.1|9.6 79 100% of 1   5% of 19 70% of 36 84.7|−7.9|6.1|9.9 63.4|−2.5|7.9|8.3 32|5.9|7.7|9.7 14.9|7.6|3.7|8.4 80 20% of 2 65% of 37 30% of 45 80.4|−5.9|4.2|7.3 64.2|−2.3|7.5|7.9 34.5|4.8|7.5|8.9 14.8|9.4|3|9.9 81 25% of 2 15% of 23 85% of 39 83.6|−1.5|1.5|2.1 65.3|2.8|1.9|3.4 37|3|7.4|8 14.6|8.7|−2|8.9 82 25% of 2 35% of 36 50% of 41 84.1|−1|−0.6|1.2 67.9|0.3|0.8|0.8 35.9|2.4|−1.5|2.8 14.5|3.6|−9.1|9.8 83 25% of 2 55% of 39 45% of 45 85.6|−3.1|3.3|4.5 66.2|1.1|5.6|5.7 35.6|5.7|5.6|8 14.1|9.1|−1.3|9.2 84 30% of 2 60% of 9  90% of 39 82.6|−0.6|2|2.1 64.3|4.4|1.1|4.5 36.5|7.6|−0.2|7.6 14.5|9.7|−2.2|9.9 85 30% of 2 45% of 18 20% of 27 81.8|−7.9|−1|8 66.4|−4.8|3|5.6 37|0|6.4|6.4 14.4|3.2|7.9|8.5 86 30% of 2 25% of 27 50% of 37 83.2|−3.8|2.8|4.7 67.9|−0.6|4.4|4.4 37.6|4.9|3.8|6.2 15|8.9|3.3|9.5 87 35% of 2 10% of 7  70% of 36 87.8|−5|5.4|7.4 65.5|0.9|6.7|6.7 31.8|8.2|3.6|8.9 14|8.5|−3.5|9.2 88 35% of 2 35% of 12 45% of 44 86.4|−4.4|5.2|6.8 64.2|−1.9|9.5|9.7 32.5|0.7|9.9|10 14.6|2.2|6.3|6.7 89 35% of 2 75% of 12 30% of 16 87.1|−5.3|4.9|7.2 68.7|−3.5|8.2|8.9 37.2|−2.9|9.5|10 14.5|−1.7|8|8.1 90 45% of 2 15% of 31 40% of 43 83|−5.4|3.2|6.2 64.4|0.4|3.8|3.8 34.8|2.9|7.7|8.3 14.7|3.9|7.9|8.8 91 45% of 2 10% of 32 55% of 36 81.6|0.5|5.4|5.4 60.7|5.2|6.8|8.6 31|7.4|3.8|8.3 14.5|4.1|−2.9|5.1 92 45% of 2 35% of 36 40% of 40 83.4|−6.1|6.4|8.9 61|1.1|9.9|9.9 30.6|4.2|6.9|8.1 14.6|−0.7|−2.1|2.2 93 50% of 2 10% of 13 65% of 36 87.3|−4|5.3|6.7 66.8|2.2|7.4|7.7 33.3|8|4.8|9.4 14.8|6.1|−2.7|6.7 94 50% of 2 10% of 19 65% of 36 87.9|−5|6.3|8 67.2|1.3|8.5|8.6 33.5|7.4|5.9|9.5 14.4|6.4|−2|6.7 95 70% of 2 80% of 12  5% of 45 87.2|−1.8|3.6|4 69.7|3.9|6.6|7.6 37.6|7|6.2|9.4 14.2|7.8|1.8|8 96 75% of 2 5% of 9 80% of 12 87.3|−1.9|3.6|4 70.2|3.4|6|6.9 38.4|5.9|4|7.2 14.6|6.9|−1.6|7.1 97 75% of 2  5% of 11 80% of 12 86.8|−2.8|4.7|5.5 69.8|2.6|7.4|7.9 38.1|5.7|4.7|7.4 14.5|7.5|−2.3|7.9 98 80% of 2 70% of 12  5% of 31 86.7|−3.1|4.5|5.4 69.9|0.2|7.7|7.7 37.9|−1.1|9.6|9.7 14.1|−0.8|5|5.1 99 10% of 3 35% of 12 80% of 17 80.2|−7.7|−2.3|8 66|−7.9|−2.1|8.2 37.3|−4.2|−4.1|5.8 14|6.3|−4.1|7.5 100 10% of 3 70% of 13 40% of 16 81.4|−6.7|7.2|9.8 63.8|−5.6|5.5|7.8 33.1|−1.3|−0.7|1.5 14.5|−0.7|−5.1|5.2 101 15% of 3 50% of 9  30% of 26 89|−6.9|4.7|8.3 65.2|−7.1|−0.2|7.1 32|−5.6|−5.7|8 14.9|−1.8|3.7|4.1 102 15% of 3 50% of 20 30% of 45 89.3|−3.9|7.7|8.7 70.2|−7|6.4|9.5 35.5|−9.8|0.2|9.8 14.2|−6.1|−2.3|6.5 103 25% of 3 65% of 13 100% of 24  80.3|−1.6|9.5|9.7 63.6|−0.5|5.4|5.5 33.3|3.7|−1.7|4.1 14.8|6.9|0.2|6.9 104 25% of 3 55% of 20  5% of 31 88.9|−4.2|9|9.9 72|−7.1|3.7|8 37.9|−8.6|−5|9.9 14.6|−0.3|−4.9|4.9 105 30% of 3 65% of 14 35% of 28 80.7|−2.7|7.2|7.7 64.3|1.2|3.8|4 36.3|2.9|−2.5|3.8 14.4|1.8|−4.7|5 106 45% of 3 50% of 25 25% of 28 80|−3.7|8.4|9.2 61.8|−6.7|1.6|6.9 33.8|−5|−2.2|5.5 14.4|5|8.3|9.7 107 10% of 4 20% of 5  30% of 27 90.2|−4.2|6.2|7.5 69.9|−3|6.8|7.4 36.8|2.1|3.3|3.9 14.1|8.6|1.7|8.8 108 10% of 4 10% of 22 60% of 44 84.2|−7.3|6.7|9.9 58.9|−7.7|6.4|10 28.7|−5.8|0.2|5.8 14.9|−3.9|−7.1|8.1 109 25% of 4 30% of 36 40% of 44 85.2|−4.9|7.9|9.3 60.7|−2.5|9.4|9.8 29.1|3|6.3|7 13.8|5.3|0.1|5.3 110 25% of 4 50% of 37 35% of 45 80.6|−5.6|6.8|8.8 62.6|−3.9|9.1|9.9 32.8|1.5|8.4|8.5 13.8|6|4.1|7.2 111 25% of 4 40% of 39 45% of 45 85.2|−3.3|6.1|6.9 65.4|−1.1|7.6|7.7 35.4|2.9|7.4|7.9 14.9|7|1.9|7.2 112 30% of 4 60% of 9  75% of 39 81.8|−0.7|5.2|5.3 62.6|2|3.5|4 35.4|4.3|2.2|4.8 15|7.2|2|7.5 113 30% of 4 20% of 10 55% of 36 81.7|−1.8|8.5|8.7 60.7|0.7|9.2|9.2 30.8|6.4|7.2|9.6 14.2|7.2|3.6|8.1 114 30% of 4 15% of 12 55% of 40 80.1|−4.7|8.1|9.3 57.3|2.6|9.3|9.7 29.8|7.7|4.9|9.1 15|5.5|−3.4|6.5 115 30% of 4 55% of 13 30% of 45 81.7|−1.6|7.1|7.3 62.6|1.5|7.9|8 31.9|6.5|7|9.6 14.3|5.5|4.8|7.3 116 35% of 4 55% of 36 20% of 42 84.7|−4.8|8.3|9.6 64.1|−0.8|9|9 32.7|6.1|7|9.3 14.9|7.6|2.5|8 117 40% of 4 40% of 9  45% of 43 81.1|−3.6|5.4|6.4 59.9|2.3|2.2|3.2 31.7|9.2|−3.2|9.7 14.9|9.3|−3|9.7 118 40% of 4 50% of 12 25% of 35 80.3|1.7|9.5|9.7 62.4|3.4|8.5|9.1 34.4|5.8|6.5|8.7 14.1|8.1|4.3|9.2 119 40% of 4 35% of 18 20% of 45 80.5|−8.2|4.4|9.3 63|−8.4|5.3|9.9 34.5|−7.1|4.1|8.2 14.8|−4.8|0.3|4.8 120 40% of 4 30% of 19 25% of 27 86.2|−3.6|9.2|9.9 67.9|−2.4|8.1|8.4 36.7|0.8|5.8|5.9 14.1|4.5|6.1|7.6 121 55% of 4 10% of 8  55% of 12 83.1|−1.8|8.5|8.7 64|0.6|8.1|8.1 34.9|5|4.8|6.9 14.8|9.5|1.4|9.6 122 55% of 4 50% of 12  5% of 31 84.2|−1.7|8.6|8.8 65.2|−0.1|7.1|7.1 35.6|2.2|6.1|6.5 14.7|6.4|4.6|7.9 123 55% of 4 55% of 12 20% of 33 80.9|−1.4|7.6|7.7 62.6|0|7.2|7.2 34.5|3.4|4|5.3 14.7|7.4|1.2|7.5 124 60% of 4 10% of 9  55% of 12 84|−1.3|8.7|8.8 64.5|0.5|6.3|6.3 34.7|3.5|1.5|3.8 14.3|6.5|−1|6.6 125 60% of 4 50% of 12  5% of 23 84.3|−2|9.1|9.3 65|−1.7|8.2|8.4 35.3|−2.4|8.3|8.7 14.7|0.1|4.8|4.8 126 10% of 5 10% of 12 55% of 44 86.9|−5.8|6.3|8.6 62|−3.7|9.2|9.9 30.2|2.7|5.6|6.2 14.3|8.4|−1.5|8.5 127 10% of 5 55% of 12 35% of 16 88.3|−6.8|5.8|8.9 68.5|−5.7|7.7|9.6 36.8|−1.9|5.6|5.9 14.9|3.8|1.2|4 128 15% of 5 20% of 25 35% of 27 90.4|−3|4.1|5.1 70.2|−5.6|5|7.5 37.4|−6.3|4.4|7.7 14.8|−0.3|7|7 129 15% of 5  5% of 27 45% of 44 88|−6.3|6.4|9 63.7|−5.2|8.1|9.6 31.4|0|2.1|2.1 14.5|5.2|−6.9|8.7 130 15% of 5 20% of 28 45% of 45 83.8|−2.4|4.2|4.8 62.6|0.7|7.4|7.5 32.6|5.6|7.8|9.6 14.3|7.7|4.1|8.8 131 20% of 5 10% of 6  35% of 27 90.4|−4.2|5.5|6.9 69.9|−3.7|7.3|8.2 36.3|0.7|6.2|6.2 13.4|7.3|6.5|9.8 132 20% of 5 30% of 9  35% of 18 83.6|−9.4|3.3|10 65|−7.2|6.5|9.6 34.7|0.9|4.4|4.5 14.2|8.4|0.7|8.4 133 25% of 5 10% of 28 15% of 31 85.5|−4.9|6.6|8.3 65.5|−4|7.7|8.7 34.9|−1.3|9.3|9.4 14.1|6.6|6.5|9.3 134 25% of 5 10% of 31 10% of 32 82.1|−1.6|7.6|7.7 61|−0.9|7.6|7.6 32.1|0.6|4.1|4.2 13.6|7.2|−2.8|7.8 135 30% of 5 15% of 9  15% of 27 91|−6|6.9|9.1 70.1|−5.3|7.1|8.9 36.8|0.1|−0.4|0.4 14.9|6.5|−6.9|9.4 136 30% of 6 30% of 14 75% of 36 87.3|−4.9|7|8.6 64.8|−1.7|9.5|9.7 31.8|3.3|9.1|9.7 14.3|2.5|3.5|4.3 137 30% of 6 25% of 27 55% of 37 80.9|−3.7|2.8|4.6 64.5|−2.9|3.1|4.2 35.5|2.5|3|3.9 14.7|8.7|4.9|9.9 138 35% of 6 15% of 16 75% of 36 86.1|−6.1|6.7|9 63.2|−4.4|8.9|9.9 31.2|0.8|9.5|9.5 14.8|1.7|6.5|6.7 139 35% of 6 35% of 18 45% of 36 80.3|−7.4|1.3|7.5 60.5|−3.4|3.2|4.7 31.5|5.1|4.2|6.6 14.6|9.5|2|9.7 140 50% of 6 75% of 36 10% of 39 84.6|−3.7|5.4|6.5 61.5|−0.5|5.7|5.7 30.4|6.9|5.4|8.8 14.5|9.7|2.2|9.9 141 55% of 6  5% of 34 75% of 36 82.4|−5.3|7.8|9.4 59.8|−3.3|8.4|9 30.1|3|8.5|9 15|5|6.3|8.1 142 55% of 6 70% of 36 10% of 43 83.9|−4.2|5|6.6 60.5|−0.9|4.7|4.8 29.8|6.7|3.6|7.6 14.5|9.2|0.8|9.2 143 65% of 6 85% of 12 20% of 16 83.1|−3.9|4.6|6 63|−5.6|5.3|7.7 34.2|−3.6|7.5|8.4 14.4|0.9|9.9|10 144 80% of 6 75% of 12 20% of 40 80.1|−2.5|4.5|5.1 58.5|−1.1|4.7|4.8 31.3|4|5.1|6.4 14.3|8.3|5.2|9.8 145 85% of 6 10% of 7  80% of 12 82.1|−2.5|3.2|4.1 61.6|−3.9|0|3.9 33.5|1|−3.5|3.6 14.6|8.5|−4.9|9.8 146 100% of 6   5% of 10 90% of 12 80|−1.2|3.8|4 59.9|−2.6|2.1|3.4 33.1|2.5|1.9|3.1 14.6|8.8|3|9.3 147 100% of 6  85% of 12  5% of 20 81.4|−1.5|3.3|3.6 61.3|−3|0.4|3 33.7|2|−2|2.9 14.9|8.9|−2.3|9.2 148 10% of 7 20% of 36 55% of 44 86.2|−6|6|8.5 60.7|−3.9|8.9|9.7 29|2.4|7.1|7.5 14.5|6.5|2.4|6.9 149 10% of 7 35% of 40 40% of 44 82.7|−6.8|6.3|9.3 57.3|−2.4|9.6|9.9 28.2|2.3|7.4|7.7 14.9|2.1|0.9|2.3 150 15% of 7 10% of 14 70% of 40 80.1|−7.4|6.5|9.9 55.8|0.4|8.7|8.7 28.3|4.7|3.4|5.8 15|0.5|−7|7 151 20% of 7 35% of 39 50% of 45 86.3|−5.3|4.3|6.9 65.1|−4|6.6|7.7 34.1|0.3|6.9|6.9 14.3|6.4|3|7.1 152 20% of 7 65% of 40  5% of 45 80.3|−7.5|6.2|9.7 55.7|−0.3|8.1|8.1 28|4.4|3.9|5.9 14.9|1.2|−4.2|4.4 153 25% of 7 40% of 9  75% of 13 80.4|−1.6|4.4|4.7 61.1|1.6|3.4|3.8 31.1|8.2|0.7|8.2 15|7.4|3.5|8.2 154 25% of 7 60% of 9  75% of 39 82.4|−2.7|2.4|3.6 61.6|−0.4|−0.3|0.6 33.7|2.4|−3.1|3.9 14.3|8.2|−2.8|8.6 155 30% of 7 15% of 31 45% of 39 83.3|−5|3.2|5.9 63.4|−4.7|−0.3|4.7 34.6|−4.6|0.4|4.6 13.8|6.2|−1.1|6.3 156 30% of 7 25% of 33 55% of 36 82.7|−5.9|4.5|7.4 60.9|−3.5|5.9|6.8 30.2|4.5|3.6|5.7 14.5|9.3|0|9.3 157 30% of 7 40% of 36 25% of 45 87.6|−6.8|5.7|8.9 64.3|−4.9|7.4|8.9 31.3|1.2|6.8|6.9 14|4.9|4.4|6.6 158 35% of 7 10% of 8  50% of 36 85.8|−6.9|5.2|8.6 62.7|−4.3|4.8|6.4 30.8|3.1|0.4|3.2 14.6|8.2|−5|9.6 159 35% of 7 15% of 9  55% of 36 86.9|−6.4|5.4|8.4 63|−3.7|4.7|5.9 30.1|3.6|1.4|3.9 13.8|7.3|−1|7.4 160 40% of 7 40% of 12 10% of 31 86|−5.6|4.4|7.2 65.5|−5.9|3.8|7 34.9|−4.4|6.6|8 14.6|5.2|8.2|9.7 161 40% of 7 55% of 12 50% of 21 86.2|−5.2|3.5|6.3 65|−3.5|1.2|3.7 34.5|1.4|−2.8|3.1 14.9|8.9|−3.3|9.5 162 45% of 7 20% of 8  45% of 12 83.5|−6.7|4.4|8 62.2|−6.4|4.6|7.9 32.7|−2.4|0.9|2.6 14.4|6.6|−2.7|7.1 163 25% of 8 20% of 26 35% of 40 80.9|−6.6|3.4|7.5 55.8|−0.7|3.9|4 26.8|5.9|−2.7|6.5 14.4|5.5|−7.3|9.2 164 30% of 8 30% of 12 55% of 20 83.7|−0.6|3.8|3.9 64.2|−1.4|4.9|5.1 32.8|−1.7|−2.2|2.8 14.3|2.6|−7.8|8.3 165 30% of 8 55% of 14 45% of 43 81.2|−7|4.6|8.3 61.6|0.3|8.2|8.2 33.2|7|3.4|7.8 14.8|6.2|−7.3|9.5 166 50% of 8  5% of 10 30% of 26 80|−7.3|2.7|7.8 56.3|−7.6|3.5|8.4 27.6|−6.7|−2.9|7.3 14.8|−6.4|−3.6|7.4 167 50% of 8  5% of 17 30% of 26 80.8|−8|2|8.2 57|−8.2|2.4|8.5 28|−7.1|−4.3|8.3 14.9|−6.2|−5.5|8.3 168 50% of 8 30% of 26  5% of 35 80.1|−7.1|3.1|7.7 56.4|−7.2|3.8|8.1 27.6|−6.3|−2.3|6.7 14.7|−6.4|−3.1|7.1 169 50% of 8 30% of 26  5% of 37 80.5|−7.7|2.4|8.1 56.6|−7.1|2.8|7.6 27.4|−4.4|−4|5.9 14.4|−2.3|−5.4|5.9 170 50% of 8 30% of 26  5% of 38 80.8|−7.9|2.6|8.3 57|−7.8|3|8.3 27.9|−6.4|−3.8|7.5 14.9|−5.9|−5.2|7.9 171 50% of 8 30% of 26  5% of 39 80.9|−7.4|2.2|7.7 56.8|−6.6|2.2|6.9 27.7|−4|−4.9|6.3 14.7|−2|−6.6|6.9 172 50% of 8 30% of 26  5% of 43 80.5|−7.6|2.1|7.9 55.9|−6|2.1|6.4 26.7|−2.1|−5.2|5.6 14|0.4|−6.7|6.7 173 55% of 8  5% of 14 30% of 26 80.6|−8.3|3.2|8.9 56.7|−8.5|5|9.9 27.6|−8|−0.7|8.1 14.6|−8.8|−1.7|8.9 174 15% of 9 30% of 12 90% of 38 80.2|−5.8|6.1|8.4 65.6|−3.9|6.5|7.6 37.1|0.7|3.2|3.2 13.9|5.6|−3.4|6.6 175 15% of 9 80% of 13 40% of 16 80.2|−4.9|5.5|7.4 62.1|−4.5|5.3|6.9 31.9|−3.1|1.2|3.3 15|−7.3|−1.4|7.5 176 15% of 9  5% of 24 95% of 41 80.3|2.2|−5.3|5.7 68.4|−2.9|−2.9|4.1 39.3|−9.3|−1.3|9.4 14.9|−8.6|−4.1|9.5

For Examples 177 and 178, the molarity values were calculated based on an assumed 5 ml total solution volume. Volume changes due to components dissolved in the 5 ml of solvent were not considered.

Example 177

A solution was prepared which was 0.004M FeBr₂ and 6.39M water in γ-BL. The solution was placed in a cuvette and the absorption spectra were measured at various temperatures against a cuvette containing only γ-BL. The absorbance values at several values of λ_(max) and temperatures values are given below:

TABLE 10 λ_(max) 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. 470 0.71 1.25 2.72 5.00 606 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.12 712 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 780 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07

Example 178

A solution was prepared which was 0.004M FeBr₂, 6.4M water and 0.02M di(pentaerythritol) in γ-BL. The solution was placed in a cuvette and the absorption spectra were measured at various temperatures against a cuvette containing only γ-BL. The absorbance values at several values of λ_(max) and temperatures values are given below:

TABLE 11 λ_(max) 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. 402 0.88 1.37 2.87 5.00 471 0.29 0.80 2.32 5.00 607 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.07

Examples 177 and 178 disclose systems which show an interesting case for thermochromic activity with Fe(II) going to what is believed to be the HεMLC form FeBr₄ ²⁻ on heating.

Exchange Metal Examples 179 to 188: In each case the solution was prepared by dissolving the materials in 5 milliliters of the solvent listed. Some of the solution was placed in a 1 cm borosilicate cuvette, a small stir bar was placed in the cuvette and the cuvette was placed in the sample beam of a Shimadzu UV-3101 PC spectrophotometer. The solution was stirred and heated and the temperature was monitored with a thermocouple immersed in the solution in the cuvette. A similar, unheated 1 cm cuvette containing only the solvent was placed in the reference beam of the spectrophotometer. The absorbance, A_(L), at a lower temperature, T_(L), and the absorbance, A_(H), at a higher temperature, T_(H), for various wavelengths of maximum absorbance, λ_(max), are given for Examples 179 to 188 involving exchange metals in Table 12. For examples 179 to 188, the molarity values were calculated based on an assumed 5 ml total solution volume. Volume changes due to components dissolved in the 5 ml of solvent were not considered.

Each solution was cycled back and forth between hot and cold several times and the amount of TC activity remained consistent. On cooling the solution decreased back to its original color and appearance and the absorbance decreased back to its original level.

Example 179

A dark blue solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.01M Co(BF₄)₂:6H₂O and 0.15M tri-n-butylphosphine oxide. Making the solution 0.039M in Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ caused it to change to light purple. On heating, the solution turned progressively darker blue.

Example 180

A green solution was prepared in propylene carbonate containing 0.01M Co(BF₄)₂:6H₂O and 0.34M NaI. Making the solution 0.113M in Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ caused it to change to nearly colorless. On heating, the solution turned progressively darker green. A significant portion of the change in absorbance of this system takes place in the near infrared.

Example 181

A purple solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.01M Co(BF₄)₂:6H₂O and 0.032M 2,2′-ethane-1,2-diylbis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole). Making the solution 0.016M in Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ caused it to change to light purple. On heating, the solution turned progressively darker purple.

Example 182

A dark blue solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.01M Co(BF₄)₂:6H₂O and 0.10M tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate. Making the solution 0.044M in Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ caused it to change to light purple. On heating, the solution turned blue and became progressively darker blue.

Example 183

A dark blue solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.01M CoBr₂ and 0.064M TBA[(4-MeOPh)₂PO₂]. Making the solution 0.036M in Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ caused it to change to light purple. On heating, the solution turned blue and became progressively darker blue.

Example 184

A dark red solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.002M NiI₂ and 0.12M NaI. Making the solution 0.037M in Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ caused it to change to light yellow. On heating, the solution turned progressively darker orange-red. On cooling the solution changed back to its original light yellow appearance and the absorbance decreased back to its original level.

Example 185

A bright green solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.00125M Cu(NO₃)₂:2.5H₂O, 0.006M Co(BF₄)₂:6H₂O and 0.095M TEACl:H₂O. Addition of some ZnCl₂ caused the solution to change to dark blue green. Further addition of ZnCl₂ until the solution was 0.145M in ZnCl₂ caused the solution to turn very light tan. On heating, the solution turned progressively darker blue green.

Example 186

A blue solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.022M Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O and 0.18M TEACl:H₂O. Making the solution 0.1M in MnCl₂ caused it to change to light green. On heating, the solution turned progressively darker green and the absorbance, in a 1 cm cuvette, increased at certain wavelengths and decreased at another wavelength as shown in Table 12.

Example 187

A blue solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.02M Ni(ClO₄)₂:6H₂O and 0.20M TBABr. Making the solution 0.19M in MnBr₂ caused it to change to yellow. On heating, the solution turned green and became progressively darker green.

Example 188

A light red solution was prepared in γ-BL containing 0.01 M Cu(NO₃)₂:2.5H₂O, 0.09 M TEACl:H₂O and 0.32 M ZnCl₂. On heating, the solution turned progressively darker red.

TABLE 12 EXM Example λ_(max)|A_(L)|T_(L)|A_(H)|T_(H) λ_(max)|A_(L)|T_(L)|A_(H)|T_(H) λ_(max)|A_(L)|T_(L)|A_(H)|T_(H) 179 548|0.17|25|0.66|85 586|0.17|25|0.87|85 635|0.15|25|1.01|85 180 383|0.93|25|5.0|85 745|0.28|25|3.07|85 181 528|0.32|25|0.63|85 561|0.41|25|0.89|85 597|0.26|25|0.66|85 182 564|0.10|25|0.27|85 620|0.112|25|0.48|85 640|0.102|25|0.48|85 183 533|0.19|25|0.49|85 589|0.20|25|0.73|85 641|0.25|25|0.98|85 184 517|0.09|25|1.00|85 724|0.01|25|0.14|85 185 475|0.22|25|0.87|85 585|0.093|25|0.61|85 680|0.166|25|1.10|85 186 444|0.68|25|0.49|85 619|0.25|25|1.0|85 705|0.34|25|0.83|85 187 470|1.57|25|1.51|85 649|0.34|25|1.75|85 719|0.28|25|0.99|85 188 470|0.22|25|1.34|85 853|0.72|25|0.76|85

A variety of polymers may be used as part of LETC system. The use of several of these polymers to make films that were then used to make laminates is described in the following examples. The absorbances at several temperature for the laminated made from the systems of Examples 189-214 are shown in Table 13.

Example 189

A LETC layer of cellulose acetate butyrate, (M_(w) c.a. 200,000; content: 17% butyryl, 29.5% acetyl, 1.5% hydroxyl), containing 0.1 molal CoCl₂, 2.6 molal LiCl and 3.2 molal ZnCl₂ was solvent cast from 2-butanone onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.043 cm.

Example 190

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene), (content: 27 mole % ethylene), containing 0.2 molal NiBr₂:xH₂O, 2.0 molal TBABr, 0.2 molal 4-(3-PhPr)Pyr and 1.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from 50% water-50% n-propanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.078 cm.

Example 191

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 28.9 wt % molten TMOLP 7.2 wt % g-BL 14.5 wt % diethyleneglycol and 49.4 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.3 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.12 molal in CoBr₂ and 0.47 molal in LiBr. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.078 cm.

Example 192

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 31.2 wt % molten TMOLP 15.6 wt % diethyleneglycol and 53.2 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.3 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.06 molal in CoBr₂ and 0.50 molal in LiBr. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.075 cm.

Example 193

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 42.8 wt % molten TMOLP and 57.2 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.33 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.11 molal in CoBr₂, 0.46 molal in LiBr and 0.23 molal N-propyl-2,2′-dipyridylamine. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.090 cm.

Example 194

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 32.1 wt % molten TMOLP, 16.0 wt % γ-BL and 51.9 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.4 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.13 molal in NiBr₂:xH₂O and 0.92 molal in TBABr. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.075 cm.

Example 195

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 33.9 wt % molten TMOLP, 11.3 wt % dimethylphthalate and 54.8 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.4 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.10 molal in NiCl₂:6H₂O, 0.65 molal in TBACl and 0.18 molal 4-tert-butylpyridine. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.075 cm.

Example 196

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 27.2 wt % molten TMOLP, 6.8 wt % dimethylphthalate and 66.0 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.6 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.11 molal in Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O, 1.10 molal in TBAI and 0.11 molal 4-tert-butylpyridine. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.075 cm.

Example 197

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 28.4 wt % molten TMOLP, 14.2 wt % γ-BL and 57.4 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.5 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.25 molal in NiBr₂:xH₂O, 0.82 molal in TBABr and 0.51 molal 2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)pyridine. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.075 cm.

Example 198

A LETC system in a urethane layer was prepared by mixing 27.2 wt % molten TMOLP, 6.8 wt % dimethylphthalate and 66.0 wt % Bayer Desmodur® N-3200 to give a isocyanate to hydroxyl ratio of 0.6 to 1. This polyurethane forming solvent system was made 0.11 molal in Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O, 0.03 molal Co(NO₃)₂:6H₂O and 1.10 molal in TBAI. The layer was allowed to cure between sheets of glass to give a layer thickness of 0.063 cm.

Example 199

A LETC layer of hydroxypropylcellulose, (M_(w) c.a. 80,000), containing 0.10 molal CoBr₂, 2.0 molal LiBr, 0.22 molal N—Pr-DPamine and 4.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from n-propanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.048 cm.

Example 200

A LETC layer of hydroxypropylcellulose, (M_(w) c.a. 80,000), containing 0.10 molal NiBr₂:xH₂O, 4.0 molal LiBr and 2.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from n-propanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.053 cm.

Example 201

A LETC layer of hydroxypropylcellulose, (M_(w) c.a. 80,000), containing 0.40 molal NiBr₂:xH₂O, 4.0 molal LiBr, 0.44 molal N—Pr-DPamine and 0.50 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from n-propanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.053 cm.

Example 202

A LETC layer of hydroxypropylcellulose, (M_(w) c.a. 80,000), containing 0.40 molal NiBr₂:xH₂O, 2.0 molal TBABr, 1.2 molal 1-MeBIMZ and 1.75 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from n-propanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.058 cm.

Example 203

A LETC layer of hydroxypropylcellulose, (M_(w) c.a. 80,000), containing 0.07 molal NiI₂:6H₂O, 1.0 molal LiI, 0.35 molal Ph₃P and 0.7 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from n-propanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.050 cm.

Example 204

A LETC layer of poly(methyl methacrylate), (M_(w) 996,000), containing 0.10 molal Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O and 2.0 molal TBAI was solvent cast from 2-butanone onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.030 cm.

Example 205

A LETC layer of linear poly(2-vinylpyridine), (M_(w) ca. 40,000), containing 0.60 molal Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O, 4.0 molal LiBr and 4.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from ethanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.048 cm.

Example 206

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl acetate), (M_(w) ca. 167,000), containing 0.40 molal Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O, 4.0 molal LiBr and 3.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from ethanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.060 cm.

Example 207

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), (M_(w) 13,000-23,000; 87-89% hydrolyzed), containing 0.40 molal Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O, 4.0 molal LiBr and 3.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from water onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.055 cm.

Example 208

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), (M_(w) 13,000-23,000; 87-89% hydrolyzed), containing 0.20 molal CoBr₂ and 0.81 molal LiBr was solvent cast from water onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.060 cm.

Example 209

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), (M_(w) 13,000-23,000; 87-89% hydrolyzed), containing 0.20 molal CoBr₂, 0.81 molal LiBr and 1.0 molal NPG was solvent cast from water onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.078 cm.

Example 210

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), (M_(w) 13,000-23,000; 87-89% hydrolyzed), containing 0.20 molal CoBr₂, 0.81 molal LiBr and 1.0 molal 1,3-butanediol was solvent cast from water onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.078 cm.

Example 211

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), (M_(w) 13,000-23,000; 87-89% hydrolyzed), containing 0.40 molal NiBr₂:xH₂O, 4.0 molal TBABr and 0.5 molal 1,3-butanediol was solvent cast from water onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.088 cm.

Example 212

A LETC layer of poly(vinyl alcohol), (M_(w) 13,000-23,000; 87-89% hydrolyzed), containing 0.40 molal NiCl₂:6H₂O and 4.0 molal choline chloride was solvent cast from water onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.088 cm.

Example 213

A LETC layer of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), (M_(w) ca. 55,000), containing 0.20 molal CoBr₂, 2.0 molal LiBr, 2.0 molal N-propyl-2,2′-dipyridylamine and 4.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from ethanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.053 cm.

Example 214

A LETC layer of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), (M_(w) ca. 55,000), containing 0.40 molal Ni(NO₃)₂:6H₂O, 4.0 molal LiBr and 2.0 molal TMOLP was solvent cast from ethanol onto a sheet of glass. After the solvent was removed, another sheet of glass was pressed onto the layer to give a layer thickness of 0.050 cm.

TABLE 13 Absorbance Values as a Function of Temperature at a λ_(max) in nm Ex. # λ_(max) 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. 189 671 0.06 0.11 0.20 0.40 190 633 0.16 0.38 0.73 1.23 191 700 0.70 1.57 2.38 3.17 192 700 0.38 1.22 2.04 2.73 193 638 0.04 0.20 0.55 1.12 194 698 0.10 0.34 0.71 1.17 195 555 0.04 0.20 0.36 0.82 196 524 0.04 0.52 1.46 2.81 197 526 0.03 0.14 0.39 0.71 198 508 0.02 0.15 0.53 1.66 782 1.60 1.90 1.96 2.10 199 642 0.08 0.31 0.64 1.01 200 700 0.17 0.39 0.83 1.36 201 498 0.11 0.47 0.77 1.03 202 600 0.15 0.49 1.02 1.49 203 561 0.17 0.32 0.67 1.33 204 506 0.13 0.33 0.96 1.98 205 552 0.11 0.24 0.43 0.60 206 698 0.13 0.28 0.52 0.96 207 665 0.10 0.25 0.55 0.88 208 702 0.65 0.66 1.00 1.87 209 701 0.30 0.41 0.87 1.73 210 701 0.31 0.44 1.19 1.90 211 705 0.11 0.37 0.73 1.20 212 653 0.26 0.64 1.35 2.08 213 642 0.17 0.48 1.12 1.62 214 703 0.13 0.28 0.56 0.84

Examples of various LETC system prepared by solvent casting with various types of PVB are given in Table 14. The Butvar® and Solutia® type PVB's are available from Solutia Incorporated of Saint Louis, Mo. The CCP B-1776 is available from Chang Chun Petrochemical Co. Ltd. of Taipei, Taiwan. The Aldrich PVB is available from Aldrich Chemical Company of Milwaukee, Wis. The numbers in front of the materials in the table are molal concentration with the PVB being the main solvent in each case. Satisfactory to excellent LETC layers were obtained with these various samples.

TABLE 14 Hydroxyl Ex. # Metal Salt HεL(1) HεL(2) LεL(1) PVB Type Content 215 0.4 m NiBr₂ 2.02 m 1.75 m Butvar ® B-72 17.5-20.0% xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP wt 216 0.4 m NiBr₂ 2.02 m 1.75 m Butvar ® B-74 17.5-20.0% xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP wt 217 0.4 m NiBr₂ 2.02 m 1.75 m Butvar ® B-76 11.0-13.0% xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP wt 218 0.4 m NiBr₂ 2.02 m 1.75 m Butvar ® B-79 10.5-13.0% xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP wt 219 0.4 m NiBr₂ 2.02 m 1.75 m Butvar ® B-90 18.0-20.0% xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP wt 220 0.4 m NiBr₂ 2.02 m 1.75 m Butvar ® B-98 18.0-20.0% xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP wt 221 0.07 m 0.7 m TBAI 0.2 m 0.4 m TMOLP Solutia ® RA- N/A NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ PPh3 41 222 0.07 m 0.7 m TBAI 0.2 m 0.4 m TMOLP Solutia ® N/A NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ PPh3 DMJ1 223 0.07 m NiI₂ 0.75 m Butvar ® N/A xH₂0 TBAI SBTG 224 0.07 m NiI₂ 0.75 m CCP B-1776 N/A xH₂0 TBAI 225 0.07 m NiI₂ 0.75 m Aldrich N/A xH₂0 TBAI 18,2567

Examples 226 to 278 in Table 15 involve extrusion with various LETC systems which comprise Butvar B-90 as solid polymer solvent. Extrusions were made with a Brabender conical twin screw extruder with counter rotating screws. In example 263 the powders were first extruded as rope and the rope was chopped into pellets. The pellets were fed back into the extruder and a very uniform film was produced for thickness or gage and for uniformity of composition and coloration, i.e. uniform optical density when heated as part of a laminate between sheets of glass. Laminates were made, from each film placed between two pieces of plain glass, in a heated platen press or by heating in a heated vacuum bag. All of the laminates showed good thermochromic activity when heated by various means and good durability when exposed to sunlight, especially those containing stabilizer additives. When films were extruded from formulations, where the metal ions were added as a complex, it was easier to maintain constant feed of the powders into the extruder and there was an improvement in the uniformity of the extruded film. Laminates that were prepared from films made from powders dried before feeding into the extruder, (see Notes in Table 15), showed improved performance and had better durability during sunlight exposure.

TABLE 15 Extruder Examples Metal Ex. # Salt/Complex HεL HεL LεL Additive(s)* Note 226 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 0.50 m xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP 227 0.07 m NiI₂ xH₂0 0.7 m TBAI 0.35 m Ph₃P 0.40 m TMOLP 228 0.07 m NiI2 xH₂0 0.75 m TBAI 229 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 0.60 m 1- 1.25 m xH₂0 TBABr MeBIMZ TMOLP 230 0.07 m NiI₂ xH₂0 0.75 m TBAI 231 0.20 m CoBr₂ 0.81 m LiBr 2.09 m TMOLP 232 0.07 m Co(NO₃)₂ 0.70 m 0.70 m Ph₃P 1.0 m TMOLP 6H₂O TBAI 233 0.20 m NiBr₂ 0.60 m 0.40 m 1- 0.50 m xH₂0 TBABr MeBIMZ TMOLP 234 0.10 m CoBr₂ 0.60 m 1.75 m TBABr TMOLP 235 0.20 m NiBr₂ 0.60 m 0.40 m 1- 3.50 m NPG xH₂0 TBABr MeBIMZ 236 0.20 m NiBr₂ 0.60 m 0.40 m 1- 3.0 m NPG dried xH₂0 TBABr MeBIMZ 237 0.20 m NiBr₂ 0.60 m 0.40 m 1- 3.22 m NPG xH₂0 TBABr MeBIMZ 238 0.07 m NiBr₂ 0.7 m TBAI 0.35 m Ph₃P 0.40 m xH₂0 TMOLP 239 0.20 m NiBr₂ 0.60 m 0.40 m 1- 1.93 m NPG xH₂0 TBABr EtBIMZ 240 0.10 m NiBr₂ 0.60 m 0.40 m 1- 2.5 m NPG xH₂0 TBABr EtBIMZ 241 0.10 m NiBr₂ 0.80 m 0.80 m Ph₃P 0.80 m xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP 242 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.40 m NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 243 0.17 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 0.06 m 1- 1.93 m NPG EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr EtBIMZ 244 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 2.5 m NPG NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI 245 0.10 m CoBr₂ 0.60 m 2.25 m 0.50% Tinuvin TBABr TMOLP 326 246 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 1.00 m xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP 247 0.17 m Ni(1- 1.00 m LiBr 1.75 m NPG EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ 248 0.17 m Ni(1- 1.00 m LiBr 0.50 m EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TMOLP 249 0.20 m 1.00 m 0.40 m 1- 0.50 m NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI EtBIMZ TMOLP 250 0.10 m CoBr₂ 0.60 m 0.20 m PPh3 2.25 m TBABr TMOLP 251 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.40 m NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 252 0.17 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 253 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 0.50 m EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr TMOLP 254 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.40 m 0.14% Tinuvin NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 255 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.47% Tinuvin EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 405 256 0.10 m CoBr₂ 0.60 m 2.25 m 0.52% Tinuvin TBABr TMOLP 405 257 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.40 m 0.49% Tinuvin dried NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 258 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 0.50 m 0.50% Tinuvin xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP 405 259 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 4.00 m NPG 0.41% Tinuvin xH₂0 TBABr 405 260 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.40 m 0.49% Tinuvin dried NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 261 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.47% Tinuvin EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 405 262 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.42% Tinuvin EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 405 10% Plasticizer** 263 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.47% Tinuvin from EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 405 pellets 264 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.60 m 0.48% Tinuvin dried NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 265 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.47% Tinuvin dried EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 405 266 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 1.25 m 0.50% Tinuvin dried xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP 326 267 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.47% Tinuvin dried EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 405 268 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 1.25 m 0.50% Tinuvin dried xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP 326 269 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.60 m 0.48% Tinuvin dried NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 270 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.60 m 0.50% Tinuvin dried NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 271 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.50% Tinuvin EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 326 272 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.50% Tinuvin dried EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 144 273 0.20 m NiBr₂ 2.0 m 1.25 m 0.50% Tinuvin dried xH₂0 TBABr TMOLP 144 274 0.50% Tinuvin 326 275 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.50 m 0.50% Tinuvin dried NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 276 0.07 m 0.70 m 0.20 m Ph₃P 0.50 m 0.50% Tinuvin dried NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂ TBAI TMOLP 144 277 0.50% Tinuvin 326 278 0.20 m Ni(1- 0.60 m 1.93 m NPG 0.50% Tinuvin dried EtBIMZ)₂Br₂ TBABr 144 *% given as weight % of total formulation **plasticizer = triethyleneglycol-bis(2-ethylhexonate)

FIGS. 51 to 57 relate to Examples 279 to 285. The figures show the spectra measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C with an Ocean Optics 2000 diode array spectrometer. For each spectrum in FIGS. 51 to 58, the absorbance spectrum of a reference sample, made with the same type of float glass and a plain piece of PVB film, was subtracted out. Thus the spectral data are for the LETC films alone. In each case the spectrum with the lowest absorbance corresponds to 25 C, the next highest absorbance spectrum corresponds to 45 C and so on such that the spectrum with highest absorbance peaks in each figure corresponds to that measured at 85 C. In all the FIGS. 51 to 58, the x axis, (horizontal axis), gives the wavelengths in nanometers and the y axis, (vertical axis), gives the absorbance values.

Example 279

A physically blended mixture of powders was made by stirring 38 grams of Ni(PPh₃)₂I₂, 165 grams of TBAI, 4.4 grams of Tinuvin® 144, 33 grams of PPh₃ and 34 grams of TMOLP into 633 grams of PVB, (Butvar® B-90). This mixture was extruded to give a LETC film which varied from about 0.03 microns to about 0.09 centimeters thick. A piece of this film that was 0.031 centimeters thick was used to laminate two sheets of plain float glass together. The laminate was very light tan in color and changed to dark red on heating. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 51.

Example 280

A physically blended mixture of powders was made by stirring 71.5 grams of Ni(1-EtBIMZ)₂Br₂, 139.5 grams of TBABr, 5.0 grams of Tinuvin® 405 and 144 grams of NPG into 715 grams of PVB, (Butvar® B-90). This mixture was extruded to give a LETC film which varied from about 0.04 to about 0.09 centimeters thick. A piece of this film that was 0.060 centimeters thick was used to laminate two sheets of plain float glass together. The laminate was light blue in color and changed to dark blue on heating. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 52.

Example 281

A physically blended mixture of powders was made by stirring 6.99 grams of CoBr₂, 60.1 grams of TBABr and 73.6 grams of TMOLP into 313.0 grams of PVB powder, (Butvar B-90). This mixture was extruded to give a LETC film which varied from about 0.04 to about 0.09 centimeters thick. A piece of this film that was 0.054 centimeters thick was used to laminate two sheets of plain float glass together. The laminate was nearly colorless and changed to light blue on heating. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 53.

Example 282

A physically blended mixture of powders was made by stirring 33.0 grams of NiBr₂.xH₂O, 388.1 grams of TBABr, 5.7 grams of Tinuvin® 326, 5.7 grams of Tinuvin® 144 and 100.9 grams of TMOLP into 600.7 grams of PVB powder, (Butvar® B-90). This mixture was extruded to give film which varied from about 0.04 to about 0.11 centimeters thick. A piece of this film that was 0.098 centimeters thick was used to laminate two sheets of plain float glass together. The laminate was light green and changed to light blue on heating. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 54.

Example 283

A multilayer laminate was made with a 350 micron thick layer similar to the material of example 279 and a 460 micron thick layer similar to the material of example 280. Prior to lamination, a 100 micron film of poly(ester terephthalate) was placed between the PVB films and the 3 layers of film stack was laminated between 2 sheets of plain float glass. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film stack alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 55. The values of L*, a*, b* and Y for films making up the laminate are given in the Table 16 at various temperatures.

TABLE 16 Temperature (C.) 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. Y 91.5 79.7 45.6 12.4 a* −4.1 −4.0 −2.5 1.9 b* 4.0 5.6 8.4 12.3 c* 5.7 6.8 8.8 12.5

Example 284

A multilayer laminate was made with a 350 micron thick layer similar to the material of example 279, a 520 micron thick layer similar to the material of example 280 and a 220 micron thick layer similar to the material of example 281. Prior to lamination, 200 micron thick films of poly(ester terephthalate) were place between the films of PVB and the 5 layers of film stack was laminated between 2 sheets of plain float glass. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film stack alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 56. The values of L*, a*, b* and Y for films making up the laminate are given in the Table 17 at various temperatures.

TABLE 17 Temperature (C.) 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. Y 82.8 66.0 29.0 5.3 a* −5.0 −6.6 −7.9 −6.7 b* 5.2 6.0 6.1 7.2 c* 7.2 8.9 10.0 9.8

Example 285

A multilayer laminate was made with a 430 micron thick layer similar to the material of example 279, a 300 micron thick layer similar to the material of example 280 and a 590 micron thick layer of the material from example 282. Prior to lamination, 200 micron thick films of polycarbonate were place between the films of PVB and the 5 layers of film stack was laminated between 2 sheets of plain float glass. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film stack alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 57. The values of L*, a*, b* and Y for films making up the laminate are given in the Table 18 at various temperatures.

TABLE 18 Temperature (C.) 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. Y 85.9 58.1 25.4 5.8 a* −8.0 −8.5 −8.6 −5.2 b* 6.3 6.9 5.7 8.7 c* 10.2 11.0 10.3 10.1

Example 286

Three laminates were prepared by laminating a film stack like that disclosed in Example 285, except that poly(ester-terephthalate) film was used for the separators. These laminates were used as the center panes of a triple pane insulated glass units. The insulated glass units were each placed on a box to simulate a vertically glazed, window unit in a building. In each window unit, the pane that was closest to the interior of the box had a Solarban® 60, low-e coating on the surface that faced the center pane, thermochromic laminate. Solarban® 60 is available from PPG of Pittsburgh, Pa. The exterior pane in each case was clear, i.e. plain glass. The air space between the exterior pane and the thermochromic laminate was 0.38 inches and the air space between the thermochromic laminate and low-e coated pane was 0.5 inches.

The window units were placed outdoors and exposed to sunlight. One of the window units was oriented to face east, one faced south and the third faced west. During the day the directness of sunlight on each window varied with the time of day as the earth rotated. The east facing window was observed to tint to a dark gray appearance in the morning, the south facing window tinted dark gray in during midday and west facing window darkened to very dark gray in the late afternoon and evening. The experiment was conducted on a sunny day in Michigan in August. The visible, white light transmission value, Y, of each laminate had previously been measured as a function of the temperature of that laminate. The temperature of each laminate was measured and recorded throughout the day. The temperature measurements were used to calculate the visible, white light transmission changes throughout the day due to sunlight exposure.

The calculated transmission data are plotted as a function the time of day for each of the thermochromic laminates in FIG. 50. The curves in FIG. 50 show the remarkable sunlight responsiveness of our LETC systems in our SRT™ configurations. This kind of response allows the windows to darken and provide energy savings any time of the day, any day of the year and at any location or orientation on a building or vehicle. This response is just due to the directness of the sunlight and the window tint just to the level desired to relieve heat load and glare, while still provide significant daylighting. Similar sunlight induced thermochromic tinting has been observed on numerous occasions for triple pane units and even double pane units glazed into a building. Occupants of the building experienced relief from heat load and glare during direct sunlight exposure of the windows.

In Examples 287 to 293, LETC layers were prepared by extrusion with the following composition:

-   -   0.07 m NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂     -   0.7 m TBAI     -   0.2 m Ph₃P     -   0.4 m TMOLP     -   0.49 wt % Tinuvin® 144     -   in Butvar® B-90 PVB

The layers were treated as described below and the durability of the laminates was tested for long term exposure at 80 C. Tables 19 to 25 give the measured absorbance values at 25 C and 85 C at 425 nm and 565 nm as a function of time for the laminate of the LETC layer in an 80 C oven in the dark.

Example 287

The LETC layer was exposed to room humidity for 24 hours and then was laminated between two pieces of glass and the edge was sealed with epoxy. The absorbance data in Table 19 show a significant increase in the absorbances at both wavelengths and both measured temperatures as a result of heat exposure.

TABLE 19 Absorbance Hours Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 565 at 80 C. 425 nm|25 C. 425 nm|85 C. 565 nm|25 C. nm|85 C. 0 0.10 1.17 0.06 0.57 409 0.19 2.06 0.08 1.03 1035 0.38 2.68 0.14 1.36 2591 0.80 2.70 0.25 1.38

Example 288

A piece of the LETC layer was laminated between pieces of glass shortly after the layer was extruded but without pre-drying the layer. The laminate was not sealed. The measured absorbances irreversibly increased with time at 80 C in the center of the laminate, as shown by the data in Table 20. Also, the unsealed edges of the layer turned colorless and then yellow and showed no thermochromic activity.

TABLE 20 Absorbance Hours Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 565 at 80 C. 425 nm|25 C. 425 nm|85 C. 565 nm|25 C. nm|85 C. 0 0.17 2.85 0.09 1.40 362 0.42 3.10 0.16 2.06 1130 0.82 max 0.29 2.52 2998 1.32 max 0.42 2.60 max ≈ 3.5 absorbance units

Example 289

A piece of the LETC layer was vacuum dried at room temperature for about 20 hours before lamination. The edge of the laminate was sealed with epoxy. This amount of drying had little impact on stability as seen by the irreversible absorbance increases over time in the Table 21.

TABLE 21 Absorbance Hours Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 565 at 80 C. 425 nm|25 C. 425 nm|85 C. 565 nm|25 C. nm|85 C. 0 0.18 1.60 0.07 0.73 409 0.39 2.65 0.12 1.59 1035 0.81 2.66 0.27 1.92 2591 1.72 2.82 0.57 1.90

Example 290

A piece of the LETC layer was extruded where all of the components were pre-dried prior extrusion. The layer produced by extrusion was stored in vacuum over desiccant. This pre and post dried layer was laminated between pieces of glass and the edges were sealed with epoxy. The measured absorbance values given in Table 22 show much greater stability for thermochromic activity on exposure to 80 C.

TABLE 22 Absorbance Hours Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 565 at 80 C. 425 nm|25 C. 425 nm|85 C. 565 nm|25 C. nm|85 C. 0 0.23 1.82 0.10 0.87 640 0.23 1.85 0.09 0.85 1701 0.33 1.71 0.09 0.77 2393 0.39 1.69 0.09 0.72

Example 291

The experiment in Example 290 was repeated in another extrusion run the resulting laminate also showed improved stability as shown in the Table 23.

TABLE 23 Hours Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance at 80 C. 425|25 C. 425|85 C. 565|25 C. 565|85 C. 0 0.14 1.38 0.07 0.67 502 0.16 1.36 0.07 0.63 766 0.18 1.36 0.07 0.64 1847 0.19 1.45 0.07 0.65

Example 292

A thermochromic layer was prepared by solvent casting a thermochromic layer from n-propanol. The layer contained:

-   -   0.07 m NiI₂(Ph₃P)₂     -   0.7 m TBAI     -   0.2 m Ph₃P     -   0.4 m TMOLP     -   in Butvar®B-90 PVB         the molal value were only with respect to the amount of PVB, but         the entire LETC layer was made 15 weight % in triethyleneglycol         bis(2-ethylhexanoate). As part of the solvent casting process         the layer was thoroughly dried at 80 C under nitrogen. The layer         was laminated between pieces of glass and edge sealed with         epoxy. The laminate showed improved stability during storage at         80 C as shown by the absorbance values in Table 24.

TABLE 24 Absorbance Hours Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 565 at 80 C. 425 nm|25 C. 425 nm|85 C. 565 nm|25 C. nm|85 C. 0 0.17 1.99 0.11 0.94 2247 0.30 2.09 0.13 0.99 2967 0.33 2.10 0.14 1.02 3687 0.35 1.81 0.14 0.86

Example 293

A thermochromic layer like that in Example 292 was prepared except the triethyleneglycol bis(2-ethylhexanoate) content of the layer was 20 weight %. The laminate again showed improved stability during storage at 80 C as shown by the absorbance values in Table 25.

TABLE 25 Absorbance Hours Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 565 at 80 C. 425 nm|25 C. 425 nm|85 C. 565 nm|25 C. nm|85 C. 0 0.22 2.40 0.14 1.18 2247 0.27 2.34 0.15 1.09 2967 0.27 2.15 0.15 1.07 3687 0.28 1.91 0.15 0.90

Example 294

Thermochromic layers with the following compositions:

Composition A Composition B 0.1 m (TBA)₂NiI₄ 0.2 m (TBA)₂NiBr₄ 0.11 m 4-(3-PhPr)Pyr 0.4 m 1-butylimidazole 0.3 m TBAI 0.2 m TBABr 0.005 m Ph₃P 0.5 m NPG 0.07 m TMOLP in Butvar ® B-90 1 wt % Tinuvin ® 405 in Butvar ® B-90 were prepared by extrusion. A 0.03 cm thick layer with Composition A was placed on one side of a separator that was 0.0076 cm thick layer of poly(ester terephthalate) which was excited on both sides by glow-discharge and labeled as Southwall “HB3/75 Glow 2-sided” available from Southwall Technologies Inc. of Palo Alto, Calif. Two layers with Composition B, totaling 0.09 cm thick, were placed on the other side of the separator. The polymer layer stack was placed between sheets of clear, plain, soda-lime float glass and a laminate was formed in a heated vacuum bag. The spectrum of the laminate was measured at 25 C, 45 C, 65 C and 85 C. By subtracting out a reference sample, the spectral data for the film stack alone were calculated and plotted in FIG. 58. The values of L*, a*, b* and Y for films making up the laminate are given in the Table 26 at various temperatures.

TABLE 26 Temperature (C.) 25 C. 45 C. 65 C. 85 C. Y 75.6 61.1 29.8 7.9 a* −12.7 −13.9 −11.8 −5.1 b* 16.2 12.4 5.7 4.4 c* 20.5 18.3 13.1 6.7

The information in Table 27 along with the key section of Table 27 give the formulations of liquid solution LETC systems for Examples 295-1025. In each case the solution was prepared by dissolving the materials indicated in 5 milliliters of the solvent listed at the heading of each section of Table 27. In each example, some of the solution was placed in a 1 cm borosilicate cuvette, a small stir bar was placed in the cuvette and the cuvette was placed in the sample beam of a Shimadzu UV-3101 PC spectrophotometer. The solution was stirred and heated and the temperature was monitored with a thermocouple immersed in the solution in the cuvette. A similar, unheated 1 cm cuvette containing only the solvent was placed in the reference beam of the spectrophotometer. The absorption spectrum was measured at various temperatures and the wavelengths of maximum absorbance, λ_(max), and the absorbance at these values of λ_(max) were recorded for each temperature of interest. Table 27 shows the LETC performance at various temperatures for selected values of λ_(max) in a format λ_(max)|A_(L)|T_(L)|A_(H)|T_(H). A_(L) is the absorbance measured at a lower temperature, T_(L), and A_(H) is the absorbance measured at a higher temperature, T_(H), at the λ_(max) indicated. For the examples in Table 27, the molarity values were calculated based on an assumed 5 ml total solution volume. Volume changes due to components dissolved in the 5 ml of solvent were not considered.

In Table 27 the Solvent May Act as Part or all of the LεL.

Each solution was cycled back and forth between hot and cold and the amount of TC activity appeared remained consistent, i.e. on cooling the solution decreased back to its original color and appearance.

The key section also gives the synthesis for all the materials used in LETC systems that are not commercially available.

TABLE 27 Ex.# [M] M [LeL] LeL [HeL] HeL Lmax|Al|Tl|Ah|Th Lmax|Al|Tl|Ah|Th Lmax|Al|Tl|Ah|Th Solvent = 1,3-Butanediol 295 0.025 Mi 0.09 Hga 596|0.156|25|1.843|85 677|0.172|25|2.988|85 Solvent = 3-Hydroxypropionitrile 296 0.01 Mo 0.034 Hik 591|0.152|25|1.1|85 628|0.13|25|1.033|85 680|0.17|25|1.396|85 Solvent = Diethylene glycol 297 0.01 Mo 0.2 Hfx 532|0.37|25|0.595|85 570|0.362|25|0.704|85 298 0.012 Mh 0.16 Hfz 618|0.21|25|1.051|85 675|0.224|25|1.344|85 700|0.244|25|1.473|85 299 0.01 Mo 0.11 Hfy 535|0.297|25|0.526|85 571|0.252|25|0.581|85 Solvent = e-Caprolactone 300 0.01 Mo 0.92 Lbg 0.1 Hiu 537|0.309|25|0.635|85 301 0.01 Mh 0.03 Lu 0.27 Hfz 665|0.054|25|1.05|85 701|0.046|25|1.582|85 724|0.045|25|1.745|85 302 0.01 Mo 2.6 Lbg 0.15 Hgh 533|0.333|25|0.933|85 573|0.285|25|1.254|85 303 0.01 Mo 1 Lbg 0.1 Hjx 546|0.19|25|0.446|85 585|0.127|25|0.539|85 632|0.083|25|0.486|85 304 0.01 Mo 0.19 Lbg 0.1 Hgi 532|0.226|25|0.722|85 570|0.158|25|0.981|85 Solvent = Ethylene Glycol 305 0.01 Mo 2 Hfx 532|0.339|25|0.67|85 570|0.307|25|0.826|85 306 0.01 Mo 1 Hfx 530|0.232|25|0.412|85 570|0.185|25|0.468|85 307 0.01 Mi 0.02 Hdy 570|0.371|25|0.969|85 648|0.47|25|1.592|85 0.022 Hga 308 0.01 Mh 0.03 Hdy 594|0.21|25|0.763|85 650|0.247|25|1.169|85 0.079 Hfz 309 0.01 Mh 0.02 Hdy 630|0.188|25|0.966|85 665|0.24|25|1.314|85 700|0.156|25|0.837|85 0.37 Hhv 310 0.01 Mi 0.03 Hdy 570|0.256|25|0.68|85 648|0.245|25|0.937|85 Solvent = Gamma Butyrolactone 311 0.02 Mak 0.18 Lbw 0.2 Hfz 705|1.467|25|3.47|85 756|1.467|25|3.372|85 312 0.02 Mak 0.32 Lao 0.2 Hfz 672|0.111|25|2.099|85 704|0.133|25|2.583|85 756|0.107|25|2.444|85 313 0.02 Mak 0.21 Lcg 0.2 Hfz 352|1.061|25|5|85 704|0.175|25|2.012|85 756|0.154|25|1.958|85 314 0.02 Mak 0.35 Le 0.2 Hfz 705|0.706|25|3.621|85 755|0.703|25|3.539|85 315 0.02 Mal 0.78 Lbs 0.06 Hje 617|0.045|25|1.136|85 653|0.075|25|1.026|85 703|0.1|25|1.062|85 316 0.01 Mo 2.2 Lck 0.04 Hgz 565|0.122|25|1.046|85 639|0.163|25|2.038|85 0.05 Hje 317 0.01 Mo 2.24 Lck 0.1 Hei 596|0.085|25|0.843|85 633|0.072|25|0.804|85 675|0.074|25|0.99|85 0.02 Hje 318 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.003 Hbt 541|0.085|25|0.496|85 665|0.118|25|0.591|85 757|0.051|25|0.467|85 0.2 Hfz 0.003 Hbb 319 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.31 Hbj 651|0.086|25|1.49|85 702|0.086|25|1.342|85 749|0.059|25|1.031|85 0.1 Hij 320 0.02 Mal 0.33 Lck 0.01 Hbu 521|0.039|25|0.474|85 630|0.257|25|1.738|85 987|0.073|25|0.263|85 0.02 Hdp 0.2 Hfz 321 0.02 Mak 1.3 Lbg 0.16 Hfz 640|0.175|25|1.777|85 680|0.188|25|1.676|85 1026|0.104|25|0.801|85 0.044 Hke 322 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.01 Hbu 520|0.067|25|0.999|85 702|0.252|25|1.556|85 758|0.212|25|1.553|85 0.2 Hfz 323 0.02 Mal 0.23 Lck 0.02 Hra 521|0.34|25|2.698|85 651|0.181|25|0.652|85 998|0.161|25|0.994|85 0.2 Hij 324 0.01 Mo 2.9 Lck 0.02 Hgz 567|0.059|25|0.647|85 643|0.061|25|1.361|85 0.07 Hje 325 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.02 Hde 483|0.053|25|0.295|85 703|0.112|25|0.92|85 755|0.078|25|0.888|85 0.2 Hfz 326 0.02 Mak 0.43 Le 0.2 Hfz 705|0.377|25|3.119|85 756|0.366|25|3.053|85 327 0.02 Mak 0.86 Lbg 0.1 Hcb 577|0.151|25|0.839|85 617|0.205|25|0.962|85 657|0.232|25|0.849|85 0.04 Hje 328 0.02 Mal 0.23 Lck 0.2 Hcs 664|0.123|25|1.556|85 705|0.131|25|1.763|85 753|0.108|25|1.649|85 0.2 Hfz 329 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.3 Har 573|0.119|25|2.144|85 624|0.262|25|1.744|85 990|0.069|25|0.604|85 0.06 Hij 330 0.02 Mal 0.41 Lck 0.02 Hcr 588|0.115|25|0.662|85 646|0.137|25|0.59|85 0.06 Hij 331 0.01 Mo 2.4 Lbg 0.15 Hgh 535|0.364|25|1.071|85 573|0.324|25|1.443|85 0.1 Hir 332 0.04 Mak 1.7 Lbg 0.02 Hea 505|0.097|25|1.193|85 635|0.361|25|1.563|85 985|0.182|25|0.85|85 0.32 Hfz 0.12 Hhh 333 0.01 Mo 3.3 Lbf 0.1 Hfl 535|0.266|25|1.164|85 580|0.264|25|1.679|85 334 0.01 Mo 3 Lck 0.02 Hdp 598|0.338|25|1.895|85 634|0.385|25|2.272|85 662|0.329|25|2.231|85 0.05 Hje 335 0.02 Mal 0.27 Lck 0.05 Hcp 682|0.105|25|1.783|85 725|0.095|25|1.902|85 0.1 Hij 336 0.003 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.003 Hij 378|0.107|25|2.011|85 503|0.03|25|0.841|85 703|0.012|25|0.225|85 0.03 Hir 0.03 Hke 337 0.005 Mo 0.28 Lck 0.05 Hir 618|0.064|25|0.609|85 716|0.086|25|1.703|85 751|0.047|25|1.251|85 0.1 Hkf 338 0.02 Mak 0.49 Lk 0.2 Hfz 705|0.427|25|3.312|85 757|0.41|25|3.132|85 339 0.02 Mak 0.49 Lbg 0.043 Hfw 657|0.172|25|1.025|85 691|0.206|25|0.966|85 0.057 Hfz 340 0.02 Mal 0.46 Lck 0.02 Hbv 555|0.083|25|0.64|85 636|0.139|25|0.83|85 973|0.066|25|0.286|85 0.2 Hfz 341 0.01 Mo 2.4 Lck 0.1 Hgz 565|0.101|25|1.039|85 635|0.113|25|1.893|85 0.05 Hje 342 0.02 Mak 0.78 Lbg 0.044 Hn 625|0.243|25|1.782|85 650|0.257|25|1.739|85 698|0.228|25|1.357|85 0.1 Hje 343 0.02 Mak 0.62 Lh 0.2 Hfz 669|0.136|25|2.047|85 705|0.175|25|2.464|85 758|0.15|25|2.283|85 344 0.01 Mo 2.6 Lbg 0.15 Hgh 593|0.258|25|1.46|85 0.02 Hje 345 0.02 Mak 0.53 Lcm 0.2 Hfz 668|0.603|25|1.81|85 704|0.855|25|2.216|85 756|0.844|25|2.096|85 346 0.01 Mal 0.13 Lck 0.02 Hdm 400|0.267|25|5|85 518|0.043|25|3.299|85 700|0.064|25|0.794|85 0.1 Hir 0.02 Hke 347 0.02 Mal 0.51 Lbs 0.04 Hje 580|0.03|25|0.597|85 616|0.049|25|0.708|85 703|0.105|25|0.56|85 348 0.02 Mal 1.05 Lck 0.04 Hr 583|0.091|25|0.807|85 630|0.134|25|0.663|85 990|0.061|25|0.24|85 0.2 Hij 349 0.02 Mal 0.25 Lck 0.04 Hdo 636|0.137|25|1.21|85 0.1 Hfz 350 0.02 Mal 1.29 Lck 0.02 Hgr 514|0.459|25|3.008|85 885|0.111|25|0.638|85 1000|0.215|25|1.151|85 0.2 Hfz 351 0.01 Mo 1.49 Lck 0.05 Hgh 594|0.103|25|1.006|85 630|0.146|25|1.64|85 694|0.159|25|1.932|85 0.1 Hje 352 0.02 Mal 0.041 Lck 0.02 Hra 550|0.196|25|1.38|85 612|0.182|25|0.87|85 1017|0.096|25|0.406|85 0.02 Hir 353 0.01 Mo 1.7 Lck 0.1 Heh 557|0.349|25|0.615|85 588|0.283|25|0.53|85 354 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.04 Hbt 563|0.091|25|2.186|85 665|0.114|25|1.69|85 930|0.04|25|0.635|85 0.02 Hfe 0.2 Hir 355 0.002 Mal 0.006 Lck 0.02 Hir 515|0.044|25|1.116|85 724|0.009|25|0.166|85 356 0.02 Mal 0.13 Lck 0.02 Hdi 356|0.226|25|2.272|85 645|0.083|25|0.305|85 0.04 Hij 357 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.2 Hfz 525|0.193|25|1.464|85 1010|0.223|25|0.572|85 0.02 Hgm 358 0.01 Mh 2.4 Lck 4 Hhh 595|0.296|25|1.496|85 628|0.357|25|1.994|85 649|0.379|25|2.119|85 359 0.0045 Mq 0.0137 Lu 0.21 Hfz 500|0.153|25|0.933|85 740|1.337|25|0.927|85 360 0.02 Mak 2.5 Lbg 0.06 Hfc 583|0.173|25|1.018|85 645|0.118|25|0.83|85 970|0.061|25|0.357|85 0.1 Hje 361 0.01 Mo 0.55 Lbg 0.16 Hgi 525|0.173|25|0.406|85 568|0.078|25|0.466|85 0.04 Hiu 362 0.01 Mo 0.16 Lck 0.1 Hgi 533|0.046|25|0.231|85 578|0.024|25|0.269|85 0.1 Hkf 363 0.02 Mak 1 Lbw 0.2 Hfz 705|1.219|25|2.861|85 756|1.217|25|2.746|85 364 0.01 Mo 2.4 Lbg 0.02 Hfz 532|0.337|25|0.904|85 577|0.275|25|1.274|85 0.15 Hgh 365 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.2 Hfz 496|0.164|25|1.644|85 556|0.188|25|0.823|85 954|0.155|25|0.638|85 0.04 Hgx 366 0.02 Mak 1.05 Lc 0.2 Hfz 662|0.385|25|1.917|85 704|0.539|25|2.1|85 755|0.511|25|1.911|85 367 0.005 Mo 0.27 Lbg 0.35 Hgi 608|0.144|25|0.88|85 648|0.144|25|0.949|85 777|0.182|25|1.029|85 0.15 Hjg 368 0.01 Mo 2.6 Lbg 0.04 Hfz 534|0.324|25|0.916|85 590|0.221|25|1.232|85 0.15 Hgh 369 0.02 Mal 0.89 Lbs 0.08 Hje 621|0.058|25|1.439|85 653|0.091|25|1.48|85 704|0.115|25|1.515|85 370 0.003 Mal 0.065 Lck 0.03 Hir 418|0.061|25|2.127|85 563|0.026|25|0.925|85 745|0.014|25|0.241|85 0.03 Hjr 371 0.01 Mo 1.52 Lck 0.08 Hil 554|0.098|25|1.562|85 589|0.102|25|2.1|85 638|0.111|25|2.528|85 372 0.02 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.01 Hbu 515|0.041|25|0.813|85 689|0.161|25|1.269|85 744|0.119|25|1.237|85 0.2 Hfz 0.02 Hje 373 0.002 Mo 0.022 Lck 0.2 Hir 508|0.05|25|2.194|85 781|2.785|25|2.71|85 884|0.003|25|0.274|85 0.002 Mal 374 0.02 Mak 0.4 Lbg 0.1 Hfz 665|0.145|25|0.663|85 705|0.164|25|0.763|85 755|0.131|25|0.71|85 0.02 Hec 375 0.02 Mal 0.69 Lck 0.3 Hje 617|0.055|25|1.144|85 654|0.087|25|1.779|85 704|0.093|25|1.796|85 376 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.2 Hcn 670|0.226|25|0.743|85 377 0.02 Mak 5.2 Lbg 0.16 Hfo 415|0.959|25|5|85 590|0.094|25|0.364|85 872|0.051|25|0.283|85 0.16 Hfz 378 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.005 Hdp 521|0.201|25|5|85 707|0.141|25|1.589|85 875|0.062|25|0.223|85 0.2 Hir 379 0.01 Mo 0.33 Lbg 0.35 Hgi 609|0.247|25|1.746|85 649|0.248|25|1.869|85 776|0.312|25|1.974|85 0.15 Hjg 380 0.002 Mo 0.086 Lck 0.2 Hir 561|0.143|25|1.562|85 724|1.26|25|1.575|85 778|2.266|25|2.519|85 0.002 Mal 0.02 Hke 381 0.02 Mal 0.38 Lck 0.2 Hja 618|0.283|25|2.15|85 666|0.359|25|1.963|85 1014|0.155|25|0.488|85 382 0.01 Mo 2.1 Lbg 0.069 Hiu 535|0.213|25|0.591|85 567|0.179|25|0.68|85 0.066 Hjx 383 0.02 Mak 0.2 Lm 0.2 Hfz 669|0.125|25|1.477|85 705|0.151|25|1.876|85 757|0.129|25|1.828|85 0.16 Lck 384 0.02 Mak 2.3 Lbg 0.04 Hfo 588|0.231|25|1.387|85 647|0.208|25|1.357|85 1050|0.115|25|0.544|85 0.2 Hje 385 0.02 Mal 0.041 Lck 0.02 Hra 551|0.345|25|2.741|85 936|0.097|25|0.648|85 1017|0.111|25|0.729|85 0.04 Hir 386 0.02 Mal 0.13 Lck 0.1 Hrc 581|0.42|25|2.247|85 641|0.588|25|1.881|85 1005|0.113|25|0.791|85 0.06 Hij 387 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.2 Hfz 500|0.186|25|1.101|85 563|0.239|25|0.574|85 757|0.176|25|0.715|85 0.02 Hgt 388 0.02 Mak 0.041 Laz 0.2 Hfz 705|0.488|25|2.129|85 757|0.461|25|2.088|85 389 0.02 Mak 0.47 Le 0.2 Hfz 705|0.24|25|2.912|85 757|0.226|25|2.837|85 390 0.02 Mal 0.1 Hgz 502|0.049|25|0.539|85 694|0.089|25|0.767|85 1020|0.167|25|0.48|85 0.4 Hij 0.069 Hke 391 0.02 Mak 0.71 Lac 0.2 Hfz 663|0.081|25|1.853|85 703|0.095|25|2.176|85 755|0.081|25|2.05|85 392 0.02 Man 0.33 Lck 0.1 Hfz 560|0.168|45|0.978|85 635|0.248|45|1.232|85 984|0.088|45|0.413|85 0.25 Hhh 393 0.02 Mal 0.24 Lck 0.02 Hdp 504|0.046|25|0.52|85 631|0.352|25|2.164|85 1129|0.1|25|0.52|85 0.2 Hfz 0.01 Hgz 394 0.02 Mal 0.33 Lck 0.02 Hdj 650|0.116|25|1.222|85 756|0.052|25|0.347|85 0.21 Hfz 395 0.02 Mak 0.53 Lcj 0.2 Hfz 663|0.48|25|2.113|85 703|0.626|25|2.259|85 755|0.614|25|2.121|85 396 0.02 Mal 0.11 Lck 0.14 Hcz 668|0.185|25|0.544|85 700|0.186|25|0.571|85 750|0.128|25|0.476|85 0.1 Hfz 397 0.01 Mal 0.064 Lck 0.01 Hdp 460|0.233|25|5|85 521|0.127|25|5|85 700|0.068|25|1.603|85 0.1 Hir 398 0.02 Mal 0.23 Lck 0.003 Hbt 530|0.136|25|0.861|85 660|0.206|25|0.751|85 757|0.082|25|0.635|85 0.2 Hfz 0.008 Hbb 399 0.003 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.03 Hir 416|0.075|25|1.589|85 559|0.037|25|0.649|85 744|0.014|25|0.167|85 0.03 Hju 400 0.02 Mak 0.36 Lbh 0.2 Hfz 668|0.144|25|1.607|85 704|0.196|25|1.964|85 757|0.183|25|1.896|85 401 0.02 Mal 0.26 Lck 0.1 Hee 404|0.16|25|0.087|85 653|0.094|25|1.612|85 705|0.099|25|1.632|85 402 0.02 Man 0.26 Lck 0.28 Hds 650|0.14|25|0.456|85 0.2 Hfz 403 0.02 Mal 0.6 Lck 0.2 Hcn 398|0.455|25|5|85 647|0.082|25|1.526|85 700|0.088|25|1.522|85 0.08 Hik 404 0.02 Mal 0.069 Lck 0.2 Hcs 378|0.287|25|3.703|85 654|0.066|25|0.564|85 721|0.06|25|0.485|85 0.04 Hfz 405 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.1 Hbj 605|0.035|25|0.598|85 662|0.057|25|1.134|85 754|0.043|25|1.135|85 0.1 Hij 406 0.01 Mh 0.03 Lu 0.97 Hfz 518|0.619|25|0.411|85 701|0.25|25|3.312|85 724|0.281|25|3.888|85 407 0.02 Mal 0.26 Lck 0.04 Hfd 643|0.149|25|1.19|85 693|0.152|25|1.302|85 750|0.079|25|0.742|85 0.2 Hij 408 0.01 Mo 2.21 Lck 0.05 Hes 594|0.173|25|1.61|85 663|0.146|25|1.799|85 694|0.16|25|1.967|85 0.1 Hke 409 0.02 Mak 0.94 Lah 0.2 Hfz 665|0.334|25|2.266|85 704|0.461|25|2.626|85 754|0.445|25|2.468|85 410 0.01 Me 1.23 Lbs 0.3 Hke 433|1.477|25|5|45 615|0.081|25|0.771|85 922|0.072|25|0.658|85 411 0.02 Mak 0.16 Lck 0.2 Hfz 704|0.139|25|1.824|85 756|0.117|25|1.765|85 412 0.01 Mo 0.13 Lck 0.034 Hhj 602|0.13|25|1.139|85 622|0.113|25|1.123|85 661|0.093|25|1.01|85 413 0.02 Mal 0.45 Lck 0.01 Hea 500|0.117|25|1.096|85 640|0.257|25|0.913|85 995|0.139|25|0.627|85 0.4 Hfz 0.12 Hhh 414 0.01 Mo 1.68 Lck 0.02 Hbu 596|0.109|25|1.705|85 646|0.127|25|2.929|85 0.1 Hfz 415 0.01 Mo 1 Lck 0.1 Hfz 641|0.06|25|1.451|85 669|0.093|25|2.223|85 700|0.132|25|3.402|85 416 0.02 Mak 0.37 Lbg 0.08 Hfw 533|0.112|25|3.621|85 738|0.19|25|0.931|85 0.2 Hir 417 0.02 Mak 1.04 Li 0.2 Hfz 665|0.676|25|2.34|85 706|0.879|25|2.641|85 755|0.829|25|2.413|85 418 0.02 Mal 0.31 Lck 0.1 Har 578|0.139|25|2.143|85 624|0.245|25|1.795|85 990|0.074|25|0.592|85 0.06 Hij 419 0.02 Mak 0.47 Lae 0.2 Hfz 667|0.168|25|2.305|85 704|0.233|25|2.812|85 756|0.214|25|2.67|85 420 0.04 Mal 0.41 Lck 0.02 Hbs 485|0.035|25|0.999|85 652|0.248|25|1.824|85 704|0.206|25|1.759|85 0.2 Hje 421 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.01 Hew 503|0.032|25|0.191|85 703|0.291|25|1.917|85 757|0.257|25|1.877|85 0.2 Hfz 422 0.02 Man 0.14 Lck 0.04 Hbs 486|0|25|0.45|85 829|0|25|0.192|85 939|0|25|0.277|85 0.1 Hje 423 0.02 Mal 0.33 Lck 0.01 Hbt 529|0.048|25|0.719|85 630|0.152|25|0.593|85 973|0.076|25|0.37|85 0.01 Hbu 0.2 Hfz 424 0.02 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.2 Hfz 522|0.101|25|1.025|85 703|0.193|25|1.05|85 757|0.136|25|1.043|85 0.01 Hbb 425 0.01 Mo 1.29 Lck 0.06 Hit 552|0.115|25|1.428|85 590|0.12|25|1.969|85 637|0.129|25|2.269|85 426 0.02 Mak 0.3 Lbg 0.04 Hhl 506|0.056|25|2.086|85 815|0.057|25|0.38|85 0.2 Hir 427 0.02 Mal 0.52 Lck 0.02 Hr 555|0.035|25|0.346|85 621|0.088|25|0.502|85 695|0.079|25|0.281|85 0.1 Hij 428 0.02 Mak 0.13 Lch 0.2 Hfz 671|0.354|25|2.247|85 704|0.504|25|2.896|85 757|0.491|25|2.823|85 429 0.02 Mal 0.55 Lck 0.2 Hje 653|0.085|25|1.419|85 704|0.087|25|1.429|85 430 0.01 Mo 0.062 Lck 0.1 Hgi 534|0.099|25|0.547|85 579|0.116|25|0.737|85 610|0.13|25|0.654|85 0.1 Hkf 431 0.02 Mal 0.35 Lck 0.12 Hfd 639|0.167|25|1.417|85 676|0.156|25|1.369|85 1030|0.112|25|0.649|85 0.21 Hij 432 0.02 Mal 0.23 Lck 0.02 Hbt 565|0.093|25|1.374|85 650|0.116|25|1.081|85 0.02 Hfz 0.2 Hir 433 0.01 Mo 3.3 Lck 1 Hdp 597|0.101|25|1.829|85 647|0.135|25|3.039|85 0.1 Hfz 434 0.02 Mak 0.18 Lbg 0.01 Hfz 780|0.161|25|1.04|85 0.01 Hga 0.2 Hir 435 0.01 Mo 0.48 Lck 0.35 Hgi 569|0.091|25|0.862|85 648|0.164|25|2.027|85 687|0.105|25|1.42|85 0.1 Hhh 0.15 Hjg 436 0.003 Mal 0.082 Lck 0.03 Hir 418|0.168|25|5|85 561|0.076|25|1.922|85 745|0.022|25|0.475|85 0.09 Hke 437 0.02 Mak 0.31 Lcl 0.2 Hfz 663|0.302|25|2.372|85 704|0.443|25|3.065|85 756|0.429|25|2.96|85 438 0.02 Mak 0.21 Lbg 0.33 Hir 502|0.201|25|1.582|85 820|0.118|25|0.347|85 0.062 Hiu 439 0.01 Mo 1.23 Lck 0.1 Hio 549|0.133|25|1.098|85 589|0.132|25|1.531|85 636|0.138|25|1.724|85 440 0.02 Mak 0.57 La 0.2 Hfz 662|0.081|25|1.811|85 703|0.115|25|2.258|85 756|0.097|25|2.132|85 441 0.11 Eg 0.06 Hdy 568|0.087|25|0.465|85 655|0.098|25|0.853|85 0.005 Mo 0.011 Hje 442 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.01 Hdp 521|0.171|25|5|85 704|0.095|25|2.402|85 1191|0.08|25|0.503|85 0.2 Hjg 443 0.003 Mal 0.055 Lck 0.006 Hfo 410|0.106|25|0.878|85 500|0.046|25|0.398|85 555|0.042|25|0.367|85 0.03 Hir 444 0.02 Mak 0.15 Lci 0.2 Hfz 705|0.435|25|3.022|85 754|0.416|25|2.925|85 445 0.02 Mak 1 Lbg 0.02 Hea 498|0.107|25|1.238|85 880|0.097|25|0.366|85 997|0.148|25|0.532|85 0.16 Hfz 446 0.011 Mak 0.79 Lbg 0.046 Hfz 560|0.026|25|0.602|85 634|0.127|25|0.758|85 978|0.037|25|0.261|85 0.25 Hhh 447 0.009 Mak 1.5 Lbg 0.11 Hfz 370|0.663|25|5|85 640|0.068|25|0.495|85 696|0.071|25|0.45|85 0.052 Hjy 448 0.01 Mal 0.11 Lck 0.03 Har 443|0.115|25|5|85 512|0.028|25|1.679|85 602|0.114|25|1.302|85 0.005 Hff 0.1 Hir 449 0.02 Mak 0.68 Lbg 0.02 Hfw 650|0.142|25|1.207|85 693|0.176|25|1.134|85 1205|0.116|25|0.288|85 0.1 Hfz 450 0.02 Mal 0.11 Lck 0.2 Hfz 496|0.24|25|1.986|85 555|0.18|25|0.98|85 757|0.256|25|0.98|85 0.02 Hgx 451 0.02 Mak 0.59 Laj 0.2 Hfz 668|0.268|25|2.396|85 705|0.36|25|2.844|85 755|0.344|25|2.693|85 452 0.02 Mal 0.02 Lav 0.4 Hfz 328|0.894|25|3.022|85 704|0.248|25|0.477|85 756|0.223|25|0.454|85 453 0.01 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.04 Hfz 377|0.388|25|5|85 446|0.142|25|2.831|85 680|0.058|25|0.64|85 0.1 Hir 0.01 Hke 454 0.02 Mak 0.47 Lck 0.2 Hes 653|0.077|25|1.741|85 705|0.082|25|1.744|85 455 0.003 Mal 0.054 Lck 0.03 Hir 418|0.097|25|2.535|85 562|0.046|25|1.094|85 745|0.019|25|0.282|85 0.012 Hke 456 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.02 Hbu 521|0.034|25|1.118|85 860|0.048|25|0.355|85 970|0.072|25|0.474|85 0.2 Hfz 457 0.01 Mi 0.03 Lu 0.1 Hga 501|0.49|25|0.317|85 634|0.274|25|1.313|85 695|0.413|25|2.282|85 458 0.01 Mo 2.34 Lck 0.1 Hes 592|0.052|25|0.861|85 667|0.133|25|2.307|85 692|0.146|25|2.592|85 459 0.02 Mal 0.37 Lck 0.04 Hbt 521|0.167|25|0.756|85 613|0.185|25|1.082|85 698|0.096|25|0.524|85 0.1 Hje 460 0.01 Mo 0.94 Lck 0.04 Hgh 548|0.153|25|0.671|85 587|0.103|25|0.573|85 0.1 Hhh 461 0.01 Mo 1.7 Lck 0.02 Hfz 538|0.335|25|0.674|85 610|0.292|25|0.843|85 652|0.27|25|0.823|85 0.1 Hjy 462 0.02 Mal 0.3 Lck 0.04 Hdh 570|0.197|25|1.752|85 610|0.283|25|2.127|85 1121|0.118|25|0.512|85 0.1 Hje 463 0.01 Mo 0.71 Lck 0.04 Hfj 535|0.017|25|0.353|85 585|0.005|25|0.379|85 631|0.002|25|0.335|85 464 0.02 Mal 0.06 Lck 0.06 Hij 659|0.09|25|1.078|85 705|0.117|25|1.223|85 754|0.1|25|1.175|85 465 0.02 Mal 0.29 Lck 0.1 Hah 576|0.154|25|2.084|85 846|0.057|25|0.238|85 993|0.094|25|0.605|85 0.06 Hij 466 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.02 Hbu 519|0.106|25|1.749|85 853|0.072|25|0.542|85 968|0.102|25|0.723|85 0.2 Hfz 467 0.002 Mak 0.07 Lbm 0.32 Hjg 506|0|25|0.698|85 856|0|25|0.103|85 468 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.2 Hfz 519|0.118|25|1.628|85 870|0.064|25|0.345|85 1010|0.115|25|0.667|85 0.02 Hgm 0.02 Hje 469 0.04 Mal 0.46 Lck 0.013 Hbt 483|0.095|25|0.901|85 652|0.2|25|1.636|85 704|0.198|25|1.496|85 0.013 Hea 0.2 Hje 470 0.01 Mo 0.23 Lck 0.36 Hcx 547|0.146|25|0.639|85 0.1 Hiu 471 0.02 Mal 0.064 Lck 0.02 Hbf 496|0.113|25|1.402|85 758|0.194|25|0.573|85 991|0.101|25|0.47|85 0.2 Hij 472 0.02 Mal 0.59 Lck 0.02 Hrb 557|0.185|25|1.642|85 595|0.265|25|1.913|85 1010|0.123|25|0.701|85 0.08 Hij 473 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.2 Hfz 502|0.143|25|1.583|85 560|0.138|25|0.703|85 757|0.2|25|0.91|85 0.02 Hgw 474 0.01 Mal 0.49 Ly 0.02 Hv 410|0.072|25|0.411|85 503|0.056|25|1.174|85 475 0.02 Mal 0.29 Lck 0.0405 Haj 553|0.084|25|1.417|85 608|0.172|25|1.749|85 1000|0.073|25|0.425|85 0.06 Hij 476 0.02 Mal 2 Lbs 0.0402 Haj 590|0.099|25|1.646|85 629|0.139|25|1.389|85 990|0.089|25|0.473|85 0.06 Hij 477 0.01 Mal 0.22 Lck 0.07 Hij 640|0.117|25|1.213|85 676|0.112|25|1.154|85 1030|0.068|25|0.553|85 0.07 Hke 478 0.02 Mal 1 Lbg 0.0402 Haj 560|0.091|25|1.691|85 608|0.183|25|1.932|85 988|0.091|25|0.494|85 0.06 Hij 479 0.005 Mf 0.072 Lck 0.04 Hir 417|0.161|25|3.369|85 562|0.072|25|1.427|85 745|0.023|25|0.359|85 480 0.007 Maj 0.128 Lck 0.07 Hir 416|0.215|25|5|85 562|0.096|25|2.567|85 745|0.035|25|0.639|85 0.035 Hke 481 0.01 Mal 0.35 Lbg 0.02 Hv 409|0.08|25|0.471|85 505|0.06|25|1.308|85 482 0.01 Mal 0.65 Lbs 0.02 Hv 408|0.069|25|0.455|85 503|0.042|25|1.351|85 483 0.02 Mal 0.35 Lck 0.1 Hay 575|0.1|25|1.933|85 618|0.207|25|1.634|85 990|0.066|25|0.544|85 0.06 Hij 484 0.01 Mal 1.19 Lcs 0.02 Hv 408|0.063|25|0.822|85 504|0.05|25|2.629|85 485 0.02 Mal 0.61 Lbs 0.02 Hv 408|0.115|25|0.616|85 503|0.033|25|1.63|85 0.47 Lcs 486 0.01 Mal 0.16 Lao 0.02 Hv 409|0.058|25|0.295|85 503|0.028|25|0.808|85 487 0.005 Mal 0.27 Lbs 0.01 Hv 408|0.058|25|0.386|85 503|0.127|25|1.239|85 488 0.005 Mal 0.28 Lbg 0.01 Hv 408|0.033|25|0.224|85 503|0.028|25|0.664|85 489 0.01 Mal 0.0401 Lck 0.02 Hv 405|0.063|25|0.313|85 503|0.115|25|0.976|85 490 0.005 Mf 0.07 Lck 0.04 Hir 417|0.103|25|2.619|85 561|0.045|25|1.125|85 745|0.016|25|0.29|85 491 0.01 Mac 0.12 Lck 585|0.162|25|1.137|85 627|0.17|25|0.982|85 994|0.057|25|0.298|85 492 0.01 Mac 0.12 Lck 586|0.175|25|0.857|65 622|0.183|25|0.768|65 996|0.058|25|0.231|65 0.03 Lcs 493 0.0101 Mal 0.37 Lck 0.01 Haj 639|0.182|25|1.573|85 679|0.157|25|1.41|85 1194|0.093|25|0.326|85 0.25 Hij 494 0.005 Mb 0.07 Lck 0.04 Hir 405|0.17|25|2.215|85 498|0.071|25|1.088|85 539|0.056|25|0.871|85 495 0.02 Mac 0.2 Lck 582|0.227|25|2.062|85 621|0.27|25|1.83|85 995|0.096|25|0.559|85 496 0.02 Mal 0.61 Lbs 0.02 Hv 408|0.135|25|0.772|85 504|0.092|25|2.172|85 497 0.01 Mo 0.85 Lck 0.2 Hfe 620|0.069|25|1.38|85 680|0.134|25|2.591|85 703|0.154|25|2.929|85 0.04 Hfz 498 0.02 Mal 0.354 Lck 0.1 Hc 580|0.114|25|1.758|85 623|0.211|25|1.466|85 995|0.068|25|0.498|85 0.06 Hij 499 0.02 Mal 0.317 Lck 0.1 Ham 577|0.106|25|1.701|85 625|0.234|25|1.426|85 990|0.068|25|0.475|85 0.06 Hij 500 0.02 Mal 0.347 Lck 0.1 Haj 578|0.117|25|1.83|85 625|0.215|25|1.547|85 993|0.069|25|0.509|85 0.06 Hij 501 0.01 Mao 0.15 Lck 0.027 Hgm 491|0.497|25|1.5|85 1038|0.176|25|0.102|85 0.015 Mal 502 0.01 Mal 0.097 Lck 0.01 Ha 530|0.065|25|0.442|85 702|0.058|25|0.783|85 755|0.047|25|0.739|85 0.08 Hij 503 0.02 Mal 0.082 Lck 0.06 Ho 658|0.061|25|0.629|85 704|0.062|25|0.694|85 753|0.048|25|0.641|85 0.06 Hij 504 0.02 Mal 0.34 Lck 0.02 Hm 554|0.121|25|2.072|85 591|0.115|25|1.567|85 1032|0.083|25|0.602|85 0.06 Hij 505 0.02 Mal 0.077 Lck 0.02 Hm 598|0.159|25|2.34|85 646|0.157|25|1.902|85 1057|0.08|25|0.519|85 0.16 Hir 506 0.02 Mal 2 Lbs 0.0405 Haj 590|0.131|25|1.66|85 626|0.166|25|1.454|85 986|0.099|25|0.478|85 0.06 Hij 507 0.02 Mal 0.66 Lck 0.02 Hm 534|0.153|25|1.39|85 565|0.12|25|1.162|85 1010|0.089|25|0.486|85 0.04 Hje 508 0.01 Mal 3.3 Laq 0.2 Hij 655|0.326|25|1.277|65 706|0.333|25|1.267|65 750|0.268|25|1.048|65 509 0.02 Mal 0.47 Lbg 0.02 Hv 407|0.16|25|0.586|85 503|0.05|25|1.542|85 510 0.02 Mal 0.094 Lci 0.02 Hv 408|0.1|25|0.554|85 503|0.138|25|1.581|85 511 0.02 Mal 0.0784 Lch 0.02 Hv 408|0.084|25|0.442|85 504|0.109|25|1.249|85 512 0.02 Mal 0.067 Lcg 0.02 Hv 408|0.076|25|0.378|85 503|0.092|25|1.04|85 513 0.02 Mal 0.446 Lac 0.02 Hv 408|0.166|25|0.895|85 503|0.153|25|2.595|85 514 0.02 Mal 0.44 Lt 0.02 Hv 412|0.168|25|1|85 503|0.165|25|2.961|85 515 0.02 Mal 1.1 Lw 0.02 Hv 414|0.372|25|1.361|85 503|0.356|25|3.871|85 516 0.02 Mal 0.33 Ly 0.02 Hv 410|0.208|25|1.044|85 503|0.315|25|3.145|85 517 0.01 Mac 1 Lbs 578|0.128|25|1.254|85 617|0.133|25|1.105|85 985|0.067|25|0.352|85 518 0.02 Mal 0.038 Lck 0.16 Ho 555|0.12|25|0.669|85 600|0.121|25|0.567|85 686|0.094|25|0.282|85 0.02 Hij 519 0.02 Mal 0.04 Lck 0.04 Hir 529|0.174|25|4.758|85 773|0.053|25|0.803|85 847|0.033|25|0.7|85 0.2 Hka 520 0.01 Mal 3.4 Laq 0.02 Hv 415|0.093|25|0.681|85 505|0.15|25|2.004|85 0.3 Lbs 521 0.02 Mal 0.027 Lck 0.02 Hak 515|0.038|25|0.16|85 705|1.023|25|2.086|85 756|1.031|25|2.076|85 0.1 Hij 522 0.01 Mal 0.019 Lbt 0.02 Hv 510|0.149|25|0.318|85 523 0.02 Mal 1.01 Lbg 0.0602 Haj 586|0.161|25|2.455|85 847|0.034|25|0.248|85 985|0.103|25|0.687|85 0.06 Hij 524 0.02 Mal 1.54 Lbs 0.0602 Haj 579|0.176|25|2.898|85 845|0.032|25|0.282|85 988|0.125|25|0.817|85 0.06 Hij 525 0.02 Mal 1.5 Lbs 0.061 Hat 560|0.073|25|1.671|85 600|0.111|25|1.799|85 996|0.101|25|0.519|85 0.06 Hij 526 0.02 Mal 0.03 Lck 0.02 Hao 522|0.065|25|0.348|85 657|0.15|25|0.628|85 753|0.106|25|0.566|85 0.04 Hij 527 0.005 Mf 0.07 Lck 0.04 Hir 417|0.144|25|3.517|85 562|0.064|25|1.535|85 745|0.023|25|0.388|85 528 0.02 Mal 0.2 Lck 0.04 Has 545|0.088|25|1.568|85 603|0.232|25|2.185|85 967|0.069|25|0.539|85 0.1 Hij 529 0.02 Mal 0.078 Lck 0.04 Hcg 366|0.439|25|5|85 645|0.189|25|1.001|85 692|0.181|25|0.982|85 0.08 Hij 530 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.05 Hfr 593|0.321|25|2.967|85 998|0.121|25|0.689|85 0.06 Hij 531 0.005 Mo 0.5 Lck 0.02 Hij 618|0.037|25|0.743|85 639|0.047|25|0.838|85 702|0.1|25|1.855|85 532 0.02 Mal 0.063 Lck 0.08 Hk 523|0.062|25|0.171|85 658|0.142|25|1.219|85 701|0.118|25|1.215|85 0.06 Hij 533 0.005 Mal 0.018 Lck 0.015 Haj 390|0.12|25|1.602|85 440|0.018|25|1.226|85 604|0.041|25|0.228|85 0.005 Hir 0.025 Hke 534 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.08 Hae 668|0.082|25|0.821|85 705|0.08|25|0.876|85 745|0.059|25|0.713|85 0.08 Hij 535 0.02 Mal 0.066 Lck 0.024 Heu 432|0.191|25|1.063|85 718|0.089|25|0.339|85 0.061 Hij 536 0.02 Mal 0.84 Lbs 0.02 Heu 430|0.163|25|0.916|85 704|0.11|25|0.329|85 0.08 Hij 537 0.02 Mal 0.11 Lck 0.052 Hfs 543|0.118|25|1.241|85 601|0.258|25|1.697|85 970|0.087|25|0.44|85 0.061 Hij 538 0.005 Mf 0.07 Lck 0.04 Hhv 418|0.105|25|2.972|85 563|0.052|25|1.309|85 745|0.018|25|0.327|85 539 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.024 Hhb 435|0.967|25|2.949|85 717|0.301|25|0.877|85 0.06 Hij 540 0.01 Me 0.24 Lck 0.3 Hke 432|0.952|25|4.559|65 632|0.118|25|0.692|85 944|0.065|25|0.366|85 541 0.02 Mal 0.078 Lck 0.05 Hau 547|0.073|25|1.188|85 607|0.242|25|1.837|85 978|0.079|25|0.424|85 0.06 Hij 542 0.01 Mal 0.9 Lbs 0.02 Hai 360|0.175|25|5|85 636|0.057|25|0.993|85 689|0.059|25|0.757|85 0.04 Hij 543 0.01 Mal 0.051 Lck 0.02 Hbl 532|0.168|25|2.041|85 602|0.094|25|0.882|85 929|0.048|25|0.547|85 0.04 Hir 544 0.01 Mal 0.38 Lae 0.02 Hv 408|0.085|25|0.525|85 503|0.086|25|1.597|85 545 0.01 Mal 0.42 Lk 0.02 Hv 408|0.069|25|0.331|85 503|0.036|25|0.94|85 546 0.01 Mal 0.034 Lbl 0.2 Hij 706|0.566|25|1.358|85 757|0.576|25|1.323|85 547 0.01 Mal 0.32 Lbh 0.02 Hv 404|0.075|25|0.241|85 503|0.022|25|0.61|85 548 0.01 Mal 0.53 Lh 0.02 Hv 404|0.067|25|0.264|85 503|0.021|25|0.726|85 549 0.02 Mal 0.087 Lck 0.04 Hx 465|0.255|25|0.684|85 633|0.128|25|0.332|85 750|0.125|25|0.263|85 0.05 Hij 550 0.01 Mal 0.26 Lck 0.01 Haj 615|0.103|25|0.9|85 664|0.094|25|0.723|85 0.03 Hij 0.021 Hje 551 0.01 Mal 0.72 Lbs 0.01 Hai 361|0.29|25|5|85 642|0.071|25|0.827|85 696|0.069|25|0.617|85 0.041 Hij 552 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.02 Haj 621|0.182|25|1.511|85 937|0.07|25|0.618|85 1022|0.089|25|0.607|85 0.04 Hij 0.4 Hke 553 0.005 Mo 0.95 Lck 0.08 Hij 618|0.024|25|0.697|85 668|0.051|25|1.496|85 701|0.071|25|2.299|85 554 0.01 Mal 3.68 Laq 0.02 Hv 418|0.295|25|0.691|85 504|0.928|25|2.072|85 0.01 Lck 555 0.01 Mal 5.62 Lbo 0.02 Hv 406|0.076|25|0|85 503|0.038|25|0|85 556 0.01 Mal 0.032 Lq 0.02 Hv 405|0.207|25|0.43|85 501|0.13|25|0.656|85 557 0.005 Mo 0.54 Lck 0.025 Hij 618|0.038|25|0.78|85 640|0.049|25|0.899|85 701|0.102|25|2.025|85 558 0.005 Mo 0.6 Lck 0.03 Hij 618|0.038|25|0.779|85 640|0.047|25|0.918|85 701|0.099|25|2.088|85 559 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.081 Hx 467|0.393|25|0.986|85 580|0.109|25|0.464|85 750|0.164|25|0.33|85 0.1 Hij 560 0.01 Mal 0.097 Lck 0.021 Ha 527|0.148|25|0.661|85 700|0.08|25|0.747|85 754|0.068|25|0.68|85 0.083 Hij 561 0.02 Mal 0.099 Lck 0.045 Hat 558|0.157|25|1.366|85 615|0.25|25|1.868|85 1016|0.084|25|0.407|85 0.042 Hij 562 0.01 Mo 1 Lck 0.04 Haj 548|0.417|25|1.042|85 0.04 Hiu 563 0.01 Mal 1.16 Lcc 0.02 Hv 504|0.043|25|0.723|85 564 0.005 Mo 0.7 Lck 0.041 Hij 618|0.03|25|0.761|85 671|0.06|25|1.425|85 700|0.084|25|2.157|85 565 0.02 Mal 1.21 Lck 0.02 Hdy 503|0.156|25|1.349|85 883|0.05|25|0.333|85 991|0.081|25|0.548|85 0.2 Hfz 566 0.02 Mak 0.13 Lbv 0.2 Hfz 353|1.034|25|5|65 704|0.18|25|1.753|85 757|0.158|25|1.698|85 567 0.02 Mak 0.2 Lbg 0.03 Hfz 745|0.246|25|1.65|85 0.01 Hga 0.2 Hir 568 0.02 Mak 0.13 Lck 0.2 Hfz 354|0.683|25|5|65 704|0.128|25|2.066|85 756|0.103|25|1.993|85 569 0.002 Mo 0.43 Lck 0.02 Hfo 393|0.05|25|0.847|85 441|0.044|25|0.859|85 746|0.01|25|0.412|85 0.02 Hir 570 0.017 Mal 0.295 Lck 0.39 Hij 542|0.027|25|0.114|85 706|0.367|25|2.943|85 757|0.367|25|2.92|85 571 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.1 Hes 403|0.155|25|0.101|85 654|0.079|25|1.247|85 704|0.083|25|1.252|85 572 0.01 Mo 1.1 Lbg 0.064 Hgh 528|0.311|25|0.682|85 574|0.211|25|0.854|85 573 0.02 Mal 0.25 Lck 0.16 Hac 576|0.151|25|0.529|85 645|0.168|25|0.543|85 0.04 Hik 574 0.01 Mal 0.381 Lbh 0.2 Hij 353|0.38|25|5|55 705|0.084|25|1.546|85 757|0.08|25|1.536|85 575 0.02 Mak 0.48 Lbg 0.04 Hfz 585|0.127|25|1.443|85 650|0.313|25|1.543|85 989|0.066|25|0.465|85 0.12 Hhh 0.2 Hir 576 0.01 Mo 0.079 Lav 0.1 Hfz 562|0.42|25|0.425|85 665|0.156|25|0.835|85 725|0.188|25|1.249|85 577 0.02 Mak 0.52 Ly 0.2 Hfz 669|0.259|25|2.665|85 703|0.337|25|3.312|85 755|0.315|25|3.132|85 578 0.01 Mal 0.27 Lck 0.1 Hir 413|0.124|25|2.277|85 590|0.033|25|0.407|85 650|0.047|25|0.49|85 0.02 Hje 0.02 Hke 579 0.02 Mal 2.09 Lbs 0.1 Har 570|0.11|25|1.948|85 627|0.171|25|1.558|85 984|0.099|25|0.58|85 0.06 Hij 580 0.02 Mal 1.38 Lck 0.0057 Hs 400|2.04|25|1.413|85 493|0.851|25|0.266|85 0.2 Hij 581 0.002 Mak 0.32 Hir 374|1.837|25|5|85 500|0.418|25|1.755|85 780|0.143|25|0.375|85 0.012 Hjx 582 0.002 Mal 0.006 Lck 0.02 Hir 385|0.472|25|2.007|85 506|0.013|25|0.695|85 723|0.01|25|0.189|85 0.1 Hkf 583 0.02 Mal 0.51 Lck 0.2 Hje 654|0.081|25|1.607|85 704|0.085|25|1.623|85 584 0.02 Mak 0.8 Lbg 0.06 Hfw 652|0.137|25|1.229|85 694|0.167|25|1.135|85 1205|0.117|25|0.306|85 0.1 Hfz 585 0.02 Mak 0.8 Lap 0.2 Hfz 667|0.126|25|1.682|85 703|0.186|25|1.966|85 756|0.18|25|1.864|85 586 0.02 Mak 0.13 Lch 0.2 Hfz 669|0.336|25|2.283|85 704|0.474|25|2.914|85 757|0.458|25|2.837|85 587 0.02 Mal 0.36 Lck 0.2 Hfz 513|0.377|25|2.22|85 640|0.195|25|0.568|85 957|0.159|25|0.777|85 0.02 Hgu 588 0.02 Mal 0.26 Lck 0.1 Hab 591|0.22|25|1.285|85 648|0.248|25|1.134|85 1027|0.109|25|0.348|85 0.06 Hij 589 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.07 Hha 534|0.093|25|0.303|85 704|0.193|25|1.075|85 756|0.177|25|1.056|85 0.2 Hfz 590 0.02 Mal 0.086 Lck 0.04 Har 511|0.096|25|5|85 602|0.185|25|2.824|85 660|0.225|25|2.649|85 0.1 Hir 591 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.2 Hfz 521|0.082|25|1.318|85 850|0.065|25|0.524|85 953|0.095|25|0.574|85 0.02 Hbb 592 0.02 Mak 0.25 Lb 0.2 Hfz 704|0.391|25|3.312|85 757|0.376|25|3.136|85 593 0.02 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.1 Hy 669|0.097|25|0.979|85 704|0.096|25|1.155|85 756|0.074|25|1.112|85 0.09 Hfz 594 0.02 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.09 Hfz 670|0.007|25|0.799|85 704|0.017|25|0.955|85 756|0.008|25|0.923|85 0.1 Hhd 595 0.01 Mo 2.28 Lck 0.02 Hbt 594|0.205|25|2.035|85 644|0.357|25|3.633|85 1082|0.044|25|0.282|85 0.1 Hfz 596 0.01 Mo 0.5 Lck 0.1 Hfz 586|0.187|25|0.92|85 655|0.184|25|1.596|85 0.02 Hbf 597 0.01 Mo 1.52 Lck 0.08 Hil 554|0.132|25|1.594|85 607|0.155|25|2.294|85 637|0.172|25|2.565|85 0.045 Hiu 598 0.0052 Mo 1.3 Lck 0.04 Hil 554|0.043|25|0.827|85 590|0.041|25|1.104|85 637|0.043|25|1.31|85 0.04 Hhj 0.04 Hik 599 0.005 Mo 0.28 Lck 0.02 Hnr 525|0.297|25|2.396|85 724|3.305|25|3.227|85 996|0.183|25|0.908|85 0.02 Mal 0.2 Hij 600 0.01 Mo 1.52 Lck 0.1 Hfz 586|0.178|25|1.428|85 630|0.262|25|2.428|85 0.01 Hbb 601 0.02 Mal 0.17 Lck 0.2 Hfz 526|0.25|25|1.567|85 760|0.103|25|0.353|85 966|0.124|25|0.595|85 0.02 Haz 602 0.02 Mak 0.85 Lbu 0.2 Hfz 667|0.423|25|1.951|85 705|0.623|25|2.39|85 755|0.62|25|2.252|85 603 0.01 Mo 1.3 Lbg 0.009 Hgc 546|0.194|25|0.346|85 588|0.17|25|0.47|85 632|0.16|25|0.48|85 604 0.01 Mo 4.67 Lbg 0.1 Hbz 593|0.143|25|0.71|85 681|0.142|25|1.106|85 0.038 Hje 605 0.005 Mal 0.034 Lck 0.015 Hhc 530|0.15|25|1.195|85 694|0.029|25|0.237|85 606 0.02 Mal 0.94 Lbs 0.1 Hje 620|0.081|25|1.639|85 653|0.121|25|1.857|85 704|0.144|25|1.894|85 607 0.02 Mak 0.28 Lbg 0.117 Hfz 667|0.172|25|1.56|85 705|0.237|25|1.842|85 756|0.216|25|1.733|85 0.071 Hhl 608 0.02 Mak 1.1 Lbg 0.04 Hcb 620|0.229|25|1.563|85 649|0.246|25|1.451|85 0.1 Hje 609 0.01 Mo 2.1 Lbg 0.033 Hiu 534|0.178|25|0.499|85 570|0.131|25|0.571|85 0.066 Hjx 610 0.01 Mal 0.503 Lao 0.2 Hij 353|0.195|25|5|85 704|0.045|25|1.165|85 756|0.035|25|1.13|85 611 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.2 Hha 531|0.149|25|0.466|85 703|0.164|25|0.744|85 757|0.152|25|0.736|85 0.2 Hfz 612 0.02 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.04 Hbl 503|0.17|25|1.783|85 658|0.08|25|0.528|85 984|0.084|25|0.65|85 0.1 Hij 613 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.02 Hbl 504|0.169|25|0.804|85 705|0.214|25|2.173|85 757|0.202|25|2.14|85 0.2 Hij 614 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.02 Hbl 504|0.12|25|1.009|85 704|0.085|25|1.247|85 756|0.069|25|1.202|85 0.15 Hij 615 0.02 Mal 0.32 Lck 0.02 Hrc 558|0.053|25|0.623|85 617|0.09|25|0.832|85 702|0.098|25|0.749|85 0.08 Hje 616 0.02 Mal 0.4 Lck 0.1 Hav 589|0.112|25|0.75|85 648|0.177|25|0.636|85 1032|0.083|25|0.227|85 0.06 Hij 617 0.02 Mal 0.49 Lck 0.1 Hab 591|0.081|25|0.645|85 650|0.138|25|0.567|85 1038|0.075|25|0.2|85 0.06 Hij 618 0.01 Mal 0.598 Lbg 0.2 Hij 667|0.065|25|1.259|85 705|0.089|25|1.748|85 757|0.083|25|1.722|85 619 0.01 Mo 0.86 Lck 0.04 Hbl 573|0.227|25|1.584|85 633|0.316|25|2.775|85 699|0.07|25|1.287|85 0.04 Hij 620 0.0202 Mal 0.933 Lck 1.034 Hij 673|0.105|25|1.841|85 706|0.123|25|2.41|85 757|0.11|25|2.401|85 621 0.01 Mal 0.1 Laz 0.2 Hij 668|0.085|25|0.472|85 703|0.095|25|0.642|85 756|0.08|25|0.634|85 622 0.02 Mal 0.349 Lck 0.395 Hij 670|0.119|25|1.872|85 707|0.152|25|2.612|85 757|0.14|25|2.601|85 623 0.02 Mal 0.099 Lck 0.1 Haq 664|0.104|25|1.169|85 705|0.093|25|1.205|85 750|0.069|25|1.012|85 0.082 Hij 624 0.01 Mal 0.0492 Lck 0.04 Hij 658|0.036|25|0.548|85 705|0.042|25|0.635|85 754|0.035|25|0.609|85 625 0.01 Mal 0.0303 Lck 0.0304 Hij 654|0.061|25|0.671|85 707|0.084|25|0.649|85 753|0.074|25|0.615|85 626 0.01 Mal 0.154 Lck 0.2 Hij 669|0.101|25|1.154|85 705|0.141|25|1.606|85 757|0.138|25|1.606|85 627 0.01 Mal 0.0399 Laz 0.2 Hij 353|0.098|25|3.282|85 704|0.064|25|0.396|85 757|0.049|25|0.381|85 0.437 Lbs 628 0.01 Mal 0.694 Ly 0.2 Hij 669|0.074|25|1.429|85 705|0.095|25|1.907|85 756|0.088|25|1.879|85 629 0.01 Mal 2 Lcs 0.2 Hij 667|0.028|25|0.899|65 706|0.031|25|1.258|65 756|0.027|25|1.215|65 630 0.02 Mal 0.324 Lck 0.1 Hdt 577|0.119|25|2.009|85 625|0.261|25|1.681|85 989|0.067|25|0.551|85 0.06 Hij 631 0.02 Mal 2.35 Lcs 0.1 Hdt 575|0.139|25|2.067|65 625|0.198|25|1.688|65 982|0.081|25|0.56|65 0.06 Hij 632 0.02 Mal 0.064 Lck 0.04 Hbn 530|0.308|25|1.322|85 705|0.234|25|1.338|85 756|0.213|25|1.256|85 0.08 Hij 633 0.01 Mh 1.4 Lck 0.1 Hij 566|0.189|25|1.598|85 589|0.221|25|1.982|85 634|0.273|25|2.523|85 0.04 Hil 634 0.02 Mal 0.23 Lck 0.02 Hbt 564|0.056|25|1.372|85 660|0.082|25|1.015|85 930|0.036|25|0.378|85 0.2 Hir 635 0.01 Mal 0.34 Lck 0.16 Hr 565|0.089|25|0.666|85 624|0.132|25|0.502|85 985|0.045|25|0.201|85 0.08 Hij 636 0.01 Mo 0.76 Lbg 0.039 Hir 587|0.088|25|0.626|85 653|0.029|25|0.533|85 747|0.018|25|0.536|85 0.033 Hiu 637 0.02 Mak 0.52 Le 0.2 Hfz 704|0.212|25|2.578|85 756|0.197|25|2.485|85 638 0.01 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.01 Hbt 403|0.229|25|5|85 562|0.055|25|1.843|85 681|0.043|25|0.643|85 0.1 Hir 0.02 Hke 639 0.02 Mak 1.01 Lai 0.2 Hfz 668|0.279|25|2.181|85 704|0.39|25|2.543|85 756|0.39|25|2.432|85 640 0.01 Mal 0.021 Lck 0.05 Hbj 503|0.197|25|3.871|85 535|0.174|25|3.789|85 723|0.049|25|0.677|85 0.053 Hir 641 0.01 Mal 0.075 Lck 0.03 Hcp 492|0.464|25|4.127|65 761|0.095|25|1.151|85 817|0.054|25|0.995|85 0.05 Hir 642 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.08 Hcp 581|0.157|25|0.526|85 643 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.02 Hbl 503|0.102|25|1.153|85 700|0.063|25|0.512|85 985|0.067|25|0.426|85 0.1 Hij 644 0.01 Mh 1.32 Lck 0.04 Hil 554|0.096|25|1.353|65 590|0.108|25|1.836|65 637|0.126|25|2.243|65 645 0.02 Mak 0.53 Lad 0.2 Hfz 668|0.259|25|2.489|85 704|0.34|25|3.018|85 756|0.321|25|2.885|85 646 0.01 Mal 0.036 Lck 0.03 Har 385|0.893|25|5|65 569|0.128|25|3.114|85 1032|0.055|25|0.606|85 0.1 Hir 0.1 Hke 647 0.01 Mo 1.38 Lck 0.1 Hij 572|0.134|25|1.695|85 626|0.19|25|2.573|85 664|0.184|25|2.73|85 0.02 Hil 648 0.005 Mal 0.013 Lck 0.05 Har 385|0.25|25|5|85 603|0.064|25|0.9|85 668|0.066|25|0.695|85 0.05 Hir 0.02 Hke 649 0.02 Mal 0.069 Lck 0.02 Had 496|0.038|25|0.201|85 704|0.105|25|0.875|85 756|0.071|25|0.838|85 0.1 Hij 650 0.02 Mal 0.35 Lck 0.04 Hcq 531|0.132|25|0.471|85 650|0.188|25|0.449|85 701|0.143|25|0.446|85 0.14 Hij 651 0.01 Mo 0.24 Lck 0.047 Hii 542|0.299|25|0.406|85 586|0.149|25|0.364|85 632|0.079|25|0.316|85 652 0.02 Mal 0.6 Lck 0.02 Heo 535|0.296|25|1.443|85 571|0.358|25|1.643|85 990|0.184|25|0.677|85 0.041 Hje 653 0.0202 Mal 0.186 Lck 0.214 Hij 673|0.134|25|1.933|85 705|0.169|25|2.54|85 757|0.158|25|2.534|85 654 0.0201 Mal 0.115 Lck 0.106 Hij 671|0.08|25|1.195|85 706|0.092|25|1.556|85 756|0.078|25|1.535|85 655 0.02 Mal 0.38 Lck 0.08 Hcp 645|0.164|25|2.304|85 684|0.172|25|2.236|85 0.08 Hik 656 0.01 Mal 0.295 Lcn 0.02 Hv 411|0.091|25|0.172|85 503|0.03|25|0.261|85 657 0.01 Mo 0.59 Lck 0.01 Hh 442|2.133|25|2.384|85 638|0.344|25|2.292|85 670|0.386|25|2.875|85 0.02 Hfz 658 0.01 Mao 0.063 Lbd 0.01 Hgm 491|0.153|25|0.612|85 0.01 Mal 659 0.02 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.15 Heg 608|0.107|25|1.057|85 700|0.136|25|1.781|85 751|0.094|25|1.374|85 0.1 Hij 660 0.02 Mal 0.098 Lck 0.55 Hl 606|0.052|25|0.676|85 656|0.066|25|1.02|85 702|0.069|25|1.065|85 0.103 Hij 661 0.01 Mal 0.16 Lbd 0.02 Hv 418|0.14|25|0.498|85 505|0.051|25|1.145|85 662 0.02 Mal 2.26 Lbs 0.1 Hab 595|0.148|25|1.746|85 645|0.175|25|1.526|85 1025|0.097|25|0.479|85 0.2 Hij 663 0.02 Mal 0.29 Lck 0.04 Haj 426|0.368|25|2.736|85 626|0.217|25|2.307|85 1012|0.08|25|0.437|85 0.16 Hco 0.1 Hij 664 0.02 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.1 Hco 421|0.249|25|5|85 683|0.072|25|1.408|85 731|0.061|25|1.504|85 0.061 Hij 665 0.02 Mal 2.84 Lbd 0.06 Haj 560|0.043|25|1.066|85 616|0.075|25|1.458|85 1014|0.047|25|0.297|85 0.06 Hij 666 0.01 Mal 1.26 Lbs 0.02 Hje 570|0.135|25|0.928|85 640|0.111|25|0.699|85 908|0.101|25|0.627|85 0.6 Hke 667 0.02 Mal 2.39 Lbd 0.06 Haj 557|0.069|25|1.305|85 615|0.108|25|1.866|85 1010|0.055|25|0.381|85 0.06 Hij 668 0.02 Mal 0.36 Lck 0.04 Hje 589|0.112|25|1.037|85 643|0.124|25|0.98|85 954|0.056|25|0.436|85 0.5 Hke 669 0.01 Mo 0.057 Lck 0.49 Hca 575|0.282|25|0.898|85 595|0.284|25|0.929|85 747|0.838|25|2.671|85 0.02 Hir 670 0.02 Mal 0.052 Lck 0.085 Hct 655|0.175|25|1.455|85 702|0.209|25|1.365|85 746|0.177|25|1.144|85 0.06 Hij 671 0.01 Mal 0.27 Lbq 0.02 Hv 413|0.14|25|0.635|85 504|0.067|25|1.647|85 672 0.002 Mal 0.0024 Lck 0.004 Hdm 391|0.162|25|2.315|85 458|0.042|25|1.139|85 521|0.024|25|0.646|85 0.02 Hir 0.2 Hkf 673 0.02 Mak 0.2 Lbg 0.02 Hfz 794|0.138|25|1.217|85 0.2 Hir 674 0.02 Mak 0.16 Lcg 0.2 Hfz 703|0.172|25|2.084|85 756|0.15|25|2.035|85 675 0.01 Mo 0.2 Lck 0.04 Hrc 506|0.491|25|2.868|85 578|0.074|25|0.35|85 676 0.003 Mal 0.065 Lck 0.03 Hir 418|0.135|25|3.871|85 505|0.059|25|1.723|85 563|0.061|25|1.696|85 0.03 Hjr 677 0.01 Mao 0.77 Lbs 0.02 Hgm 493|0.188|25|0.998|85 0.01 Mal 678 0.01 Mo 0.47 Lck 0.06 Hgh 536|0.175|25|0.782|85 576|0.127|25|1.022|85 612|0.085|25|0.798|85 0.5 Lco 679 0.02 Mal 0.095 Lck 0.52 Hej 608|0.102|25|0.962|85 637|0.144|25|1.06|85 700|0.15|25|0.706|85 0.04 Hij 680 0.02 Mak 0.32 Lbg 0.02 Hfw 531|0.072|25|2.947|85 760|0.128|25|0.69|85 0.2 Hir 681 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.06 Hns 631|0.158|25|1.704|85 694|0.14|25|1.205|85 1194|0.087|25|0.417|85 0.1 Hij 682 0.02 Mal 0.095 Lck 0.02 Hnm 450|0.229|25|1.754|85 544|0.083|25|0.368|85 781|0.091|25|0.466|85 0.06 Hij 683 0.01 Mal 1.13 Lcz 0.02 Hv 419|0.095|25|0.327|85 503|0.059|25|0.762|85 684 0.02 Mal 0.11 Lck 0.02 Hnm 414|0.57|25|1.294|85 662|0.323|25|0.454|85 0.06 Hja 685 0.02 Mal 0.6 Ldc 0.02 Hnt 536|0.135|25|0.429|85 0.024 Hje 686 0.01 Mo 0.74 Lck 0.01 Hnm 538|0.342|25|0.545|85 604|0.318|25|0.979|85 625|0.282|25|0.912|85 0.011 Hij 687 0.01 Mo 1.36 Lck 0.1 Hfz 568|24|0.509|85 647|24|1.599|85 665|24|1.654|85 0.01 Hgm 688 0.01 Mo 1.8 Lck 0.01 Han 572|0.631|25|1.491|85 658|0.837|25|2.36|85 683|0.917|25|2.589|85 0.03 Hje 689 0.01 Mal 0.48 Lck 0.05 Hrc 506|0.025|25|0.345|85 0.03 Hij 690 0.02 Mal 0.31 Lck 0.1 Hdv 595|0.126|25|0.95|85 655|0.145|25|0.787|85 1039|0.084|25|0.287|85 0.061 Hij 691 0.02 Mal 0.38 Lck 0.04 Hgz 485|0.04|25|0.536|85 653|0.131|25|0.807|85 705|0.081|25|0.774|85 0.2 Hje 692 0.02 Mal 0.085 Lck 0.05 Hdf 608|0.241|25|1.376|85 642|0.23|25|1.462|85 697|0.175|25|1.244|85 0.08 Hij 693 0.04 Mal 0.24 Lck 0.02 Hhb 433|0.877|25|2.641|85 706|0.32|25|1.681|85 755|0.269|25|1.59|85 0.2 Hij 694 0.04 Mal 2.05 Lbs 0.04 Hbt 548|0.087|25|2.455|85 611|0.155|25|2.471|85 970|0.107|25|1.142|85 0.12 Hij 695 0.02 Mal 0.74 Lck 0.0102 Hm 555|0.11|25|1.417|85 595|0.107|25|1.064|85 1036|0.08|25|0.43|85 0.3 Hij 696 0.04 Mal 0.56 Lck 0.026 Hbt 426|0.548|25|1.684|85 545|0.16|25|0.927|85 630|0.207|25|1.048|85 0.015 Hhb 0.3 Hij 697 0.005 Ma 0.045 Lck 0.025 Hir 390|0.243|25|5|85 510|0.037|25|1.862|85 670|0.054|25|0.674|85 0.015 Hke 698 0.04 Mal 0.31 Lck 0.025 Hgm 430|0.612|25|1.849|85 521|0.144|25|0.739|85 700|0.237|25|0.627|85 0.015 Hhb 0.2 Hij 699 0.01 Mal 0.095 Lbs 0.058 Hai 556|0.045|25|0.848|85 619|0.082|25|1.268|85 987|0.045|25|0.267|85 0.04 Hij 700 0.01 Mal 0.92 Lbs 0.127 Hai 556|0.043|25|1.085|85 602|0.076|25|1.238|85 986|0.049|25|0.351|85 0.04 Hij 701 0.005 Mf 0.77 Lbs 0.005 Haj 412|0.232|25|4.519|85 560|0.059|25|3.114|85 735|0.033|25|0.979|85 0.05 Hir 0.016 Hke 702 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.2 Hfz 498|0.067|25|1.162|85 866|0.074|25|0.366|85 994|0.101|25|0.437|85 0.02 Hbf 703 0.02 Mal 0.35 Lck 0.04 Hdp 630|0.244|25|2.617|85 1134|0.075|25|0.581|85 0.2 Hfz 704 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.037 Hff 661|0.104|25|1.956|85 694|0.118|25|2.037|85 734|0.105|25|1.924|85 0.12 Hij 705 0.01 Mo 0.35 Hgi 535|0.457|25|1.126|85 571|0.56|25|1.776|85 600|0.463|25|1.681|85 0.01 Hjg 706 0.01 Mal 0.25 Lck 0.04 Hfz 377|0.3|25|3.008|65 679|0.048|25|0.649|85 1046|0.035|25|0.294|85 0.1 Hir 0.02 Hke 707 0.01 Mo 1.21 Lck 0.2 Hfz 590|0.104|25|1.002|85 663|0.131|25|3.084|85 698|0.042|25|2.706|85 0.04 Hgp 708 0.04 Mal 0.37 Lck 0.021 Hbs 487|0.042|25|0.927|85 632|0.263|25|1.018|85 945|0.098|25|0.528|85 0.05 Hhh 0.13 Hje 709 0.02 Mak 1.3 Lcs 0.2 Hfz 706|0.535|25|3.47|65 756|0.507|25|3.232|65 710 0.02 Mak 0.75 Lag 0.2 Hfz 667|0.08|25|1.514|85 705|0.104|25|1.769|85 756|0.089|25|1.659|85 711 0.005 Mal 0.015 Lck 0.005 Hci 395|0.073|25|2.736|85 513|0.02|25|1.833|85 819|0.006|25|0.237|85 0.05 Hir 712 0.01 Mal 0.17 Lck 0.005 Hbt 652|0.094|25|0.841|85 1025|0.051|25|0.376|85 0.02 Hfz 0.1 Hir 713 0.02 Mak 0.056 Hjf 555|0.108|25|0.418|85 625|0.067|25|0.289|85 0.051 Hjg 714 0.02 Mal 0.25 Lck 0.2 Hfz 514|0.051|25|0.225|85 700|0.098|25|0.306|85 756|0.059|25|0.259|85 0.02 Hez 715 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.02 Hcw 665|0.099|25|0.302|85 702|0.108|25|0.392|85 756|0.084|25|0.373|85 0.2 Hfz 716 0.02 Mak 1.51 Lab 0.2 Hfz 658|0.308|25|1.376|85 705|0.394|25|1.314|85 755|0.391|25|1.221|85 717 0.02 Mak 0.18 Lch 0.2 Hfz 669|0.167|25|1.857|85 704|0.221|25|2.38|85 757|0.201|25|2.319|85 718 0.01 Mo 0.86 Lck 0.01 Hje 597|0.369|25|1.154|85 647|0.598|25|1.756|85 667|0.718|25|1.948|85 0.6 Hkf 719 0.003 Mal 0.024 Lck 0.03 Hir 395|0.036|25|0.642|85 500|0.01|25|0.307|85 735|0.012|25|0.081|85 0.006 Hjy 720 0.01 Mo 0.67 Lck 1 Hhh 620|0.221|25|2.573|85 648|0.261|25|3.539|85 687|0.179|25|2.798|85 0.049 Hir 721 0.01 Mo 0.07 Lbg 0.15 Hgi 532|0.277|25|0.96|85 575|0.221|25|1.391|85 722 0.02 Mal 0.26 Lck 0.01 Hbu 521|0.028|25|0.628|85 632|0.319|25|1.6|85 981|0.065|25|0.304|85 0.01 Hdp 0.2 Hfz 723 0.01 Mo 0.55 Lck 0.12 Hwq 550|0.076|25|0.359|85 583|0.097|25|0.478|85 636|0.126|25|0.612|85 724 0.002 Mal 0.0054 Lck 0.02 Hir 380|0.138|25|1.248|85 500|0.012|25|0.202|85 680|0.034|25|0.162|85 0.4 Hkf 725 0.02 Mal 0.44 Lck 0.04 Hdp 565|0.087|25|1.517|85 607|0.155|25|1.771|85 1108|0.077|25|0.438|85 0.1 Hje 726 0.005 Maf 0.11 Lck 0.2 Hke 430|0.24|25|2.002|85 635|0.032|25|0.28|85 1025|0.02|25|0.136|85 727 0.02 Mak 0.69 Lbg 0.1 Hcb 655|0.241|25|1.589|85 688|0.258|25|1.464|85 0.1 Hfz 728 0.02 Mal 0.47 Lck 0.04 Hdm 606|0.123|25|1.596|85 652|0.171|25|1.207|85 1111|0.068|25|0.396|85 0.1 Hen 729 0.02 Mal 0.4 Lck 0.02 Hbt 620|0.377|25|1.306|85 666|0.531|25|1.33|85 1009|0.138|25|0.323|85 0.2 Hja 730 0.005 Mal 0.036 Lck 0.015 Hhc 528|0.119|25|1.323|85 708|0.029|25|0.287|85 0.005 Hke 731 0.01 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.06 Hcn 492|0.201|25|5|85 792|0.023|25|0.809|85 0.1 Hir 732 0.02 Mak 1.1 Lbg 0.04 Hfw 620|0.208|25|1.589|85 0.1 Hje 733 0.04 Mak 0.13 Lck 0.2 Hfz 505|0.12|25|1.662|85 702|0.4|25|1.943|85 755|0.265|25|1.829|85 0.02 Hbs 734 0.02 Mal 0.24 Lck 0.02 Har 553|0.064|25|0.85|85 625|0.152|25|1.569|85 1140|0.079|25|0.36|85 0.06 Hij 0.04 Hke 735 0.01 Mo 2.3 Lck 0.1 Hff 605|0.2|25|1.278|85 686|0.454|25|2.739|85 0.1 Hfz 736 0.01 Mo 0.06 Hga 600|0.214|25|1.988|85 635|0.179|25|2.254|85 665|0.148|25|2.395|85 0.9 Hcv 737 0.01 Mo 1.63 Lck 0.02 Hij 624|0.097|25|0.902|85 667|0.114|25|1.25|85 694|0.057|25|0.916|85 0.2 Hna 738 0.005 Mal 0.03 Lck 0.05 Hei 530|0.11|25|2.481|85 715|0.025|25|0.527|85 0.05 Hir 739 0.01 Mo 0.1 Hfz 532|0.213|25|0.403|85 576|0.125|25|0.454|85 0.21 Hin 740 0.02 Mak 0.93 Lbg 0.02 Hfw 623|0.211|25|1.511|85 654|0.225|25|1.451|85 697|0.189|25|1.129|85 0.1 Hje 741 0.01 Mh 0.93 Lbg 0.03 Hea 590|0.277|25|1.057|85 660|0.365|25|2.274|85 742 0.02 Mal 0.25 Lck 0.01 Hea 481|0.102|25|0.755|85 652|0.118|25|0.97|85 704|0.138|25|1|85 0.1 Hje 743 0.02 Mak 0.76 Lal 0.2 Hfz 664|0.125|25|1.255|85 703|0.125|25|1.441|85 755|0.105|25|1.335|85 744 0.007 Mq 0.022 Lar 0.12 Hfz 498|0.038|25|0.486|85 760|2.531|25|2.154|85 745 0.02 Mak 2.16 Lbg 0.04 Hfo 626|0.164|25|0.905|85 680|0.141|25|0.78|85 1020|0.091|25|0.408|85 0.16 Hfz 746 0.01 Mo 0.67 Lck 0.1 Hfz 641|0.118|25|2.009|85 700|0.143|25|2.948|85 724|0.106|25|2.205|85 0.03 Hgh 747 0.01 Mo 0.2 Lck 0.1 Hfi 515|0.189|25|0.494|85 572|0.137|25|0.512|85 599|0.106|25|0.46|85 748 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.04 Hqn 503|0.135|25|0.901|85 667|0.084|25|0.366|85 981|0.087|25|0.366|85 0.1 Hij 749 0.02 Mal 0.61 Lbs 0.02 Htq 558|0.09|25|0.786|85 603|0.111|25|0.876|85 1002|0.096|25|0.375|85 0.1 Hij 750 0.02 Mal 0.79 Lbs 0.02 Hof 551|0.1|25|0.786|85 611|0.191|25|0.903|85 992|0.114|25|0.354|85 0.1 Hij 751 0.02 Mal 0.55 Lbs 0.02 Htp 417|0.389|25|1.912|85 503|0.209|25|2.017|85 948|0.133|25|0.791|85 0.1 Hij 752 0.01 Mal 0.17 Lbs 0.01 Htm 533|0.088|25|0.538|85 706|0.055|25|0.274|85 950|0.034|25|0.17|85 0.03 Hij 753 0.02 Mal 0.86 Lck 0.02 Hto 429|0.135|25|0.957|85 512|0.087|25|1.063|85 858|0.046|25|0.396|85 0.1 Hij 754 0.02 Mal 0.94 Lbs 0.012 Hbs 414|0.245|25|1.234|85 503|0.099|25|1.291|85 704|0.097|25|0.616|85 0.2 Hij 755 0.02 Mal 0.5 Lbs 0.02 Htk 564|0.158|25|0.902|85 597|0.215|25|0.984|85 1010|0.102|25|0.359|85 0.061 Hij 756 0.02 Mal 0.53 Lbs 0.02 Hrl 651|0.27|25|1.406|85 685|0.291|25|1.427|85 1196|0.14|25|0.343|85 0.06 Hij 757 0.04 Mal 0.72 Lbs 0.027 Hgz 502|0.134|25|1.576|85 663|0.262|25|1.566|85 967|0.206|25|0.725|85 0.2 Hij 0.011 Hja 758 0.02 Mal 1.05 Lbs 0.1 Hos 621|0.06|25|1.543|85 651|0.084|25|1.7|85 691|0.091|25|1.529|85 0.1 Hij 759 0.02 Mal 0.85 Lbs 0.06 Hrk 616|0.163|25|1.338|85 642|0.191|25|1.436|85 1206|0.132|25|0.401|85 760 0.02 Mal 0.3 Lbs 0.02 Hpg 513|0.132|25|0.584|85 670|0.189|25|1.473|85 755|0.208|25|1.724|85 0.1 Hij 761 0.02 Mat 654|0.168|25|0.568|85 704|0.182|25|0.49|85 751|0.164|25|0.454|85 762 0.005 Mal 0.026 Lck 0.005 Hur 499|0.068|25|0.99|85 813|0.057|25|0.308|85 897|0.061|25|0.296|85 0.026 Hij 763 0.02 Mal 1.49 Lbs 0.02 Huj 514|0.053|25|1.301|85 590|0.038|25|0.628|85 652|0.077|25|0.607|85 0.1 Hij 764 0.02 Mal 1.21 Lbs 0.02 Hui 413|0.349|25|2.608|85 523|0.084|25|1.259|85 648|0.141|25|1.179|85 0.1 Hij 765 0.02 Mal 0.74 Lbs 0.02 Htd 522|0.124|25|1.765|85 854|0.077|25|0.643|85 957|0.115|25|0.759|85 0.1 Hij 766 0.02 Mal 0.089 Lbs 0.04 Hst 419|0.106|25|1.436|85 520|0.081|25|0.769|85 620|0.093|25|0.943|85 0.2 Hij 767 0.02 Mal 0.59 Lbs 0.005 Hou 503|0.15|25|1.497|85 655|0.166|25|0.925|85 855|0.081|25|0.542|85 0.008 Hbs 0.1 Hij 768 0.02 Mal 0.09 Lbd 0.02 Hgm 506|0.086|25|0.538|85 0.02 Him 769 0.005 Mf 0.11 Lck 0.04 Hrm 417|0.078|25|0.896|85 562|0.033|25|0.422|85 745|0.01|25|0.127|85 770 0.02 Mal 0.83 Lbs 0.02 Huj 514|0.144|25|1.786|85 653|0.118|25|0.701|85 1011|0.095|25|0.604|85 0.05 Hij 771 0.02 Mal 0.35 Lbs 0.04 Hha 530|0.079|25|1.163|85 649|0.072|25|0.401|85 960|0.059|25|0.557|85 0.04 Hij 772 0.02 Mal 1.13 Lbs 0.036 Hwc 553|0.099|25|1.67|85 605|0.156|25|2.121|85 972|0.072|25|0.522|85 0.1 Hij 773 0.003 Mbo 0.022 Lck 0.003 Hwc 388|0.152|25|2.507|85 509|0.051|25|1.105|85 700|0.022|25|0.264|85 0.027 Hir 0.001 Hke 774 0.03 Mal 1.02 Lbs 0.015 Hwa 611|0.081|25|2.043|85 652|0.125|25|2.467|85 751|0.091|25|1.646|85 0.2 Hij 775 0.005 Mbn 0.032 Lck 418|0.153|25|2.358|85 563|0.061|25|1.04|85 745|0.02|25|0.261|85 776 0.02 Mal 1.92 Lbs 0.02 Hvw 553|0.142|25|2.363|85 591|0.131|25|1.779|85 1029|0.095|25|0.689|85 0.1 Hij 777 0.02 Mal 1.23 Lbs 0.01 Hvn 418|0.249|25|1.705|85 506|0.086|25|1.26|85 646|0.074|25|0.475|85 0.1 Hij 778 0.02 Mal 1.38 Lbs 0.02 Hvo 518|0.058|25|1.609|85 645|0.072|25|0.489|85 970|0.05|25|0.628|85 0.1 Hij 779 0.02 Mal 1.41 Lbs 0.02 Hvn 506|0.074|25|1.867|85 633|0.074|25|0.478|85 950|0.051|25|0.666|85 0.1 Hij 780 0.02 Mal 1 Lbs 0.02 Hou 436|0.329|25|1.118|85 553|0.079|25|0.629|85 594|0.147|25|0.612|85 781 0.02 Mal 2.6 Lbd 0.2 Hij 658|0.085|25|2.734|85 703|0.104|25|2.231|85 748|0.098|25|1.587|85 782 0.02 Mal 0.47 Lbs 0.02 Hry 515|0.118|25|1.294|85 559|0.117|25|0.876|85 986|0.124|25|0.561|85 0.1 Hij 783 0.02 Mal 1.52 Lbs 0.02 Hss 415|0.224|25|2.428|85 507|0.074|25|1.894|85 953|0.047|25|0.676|85 0.1 Hij 784 0.02 Mal 1.15 Lbs 0.008 Haz 527|0.074|25|0.966|85 654|0.07|25|0.694|85 754|0.063|25|0.62|85 0.15 Hij 785 0.02 Mal 0.047 Lbs 0.04 Hsz 502|0.186|25|1.277|85 701|0.249|25|1.009|85 957|0.147|25|0.538|85 0.2 Hij 786 0.02 Mal 0.05 Lbs 0.04 Hst 520|0.084|25|0.787|85 603|0.104|25|0.946|85 974|0.097|25|0.482|85 0.1 Hij 787 0.02 Mal 0.34 Lbs 0.03 Hst 520|0.053|25|0.491|85 604|0.098|25|0.576|85 976|0.1|25|0.332|85 0.1 Hij 788 0.02 Mal 0.81 Lbs 0.007 Hoz 497|0.111|25|1.113|85 558|0.086|25|1.086|85 642|0.125|25|1.043|85 0.008 Htq 0.15 Hij 789 0.02 Mal 1.34 Lbs 0.02 Hsc 528|0.129|25|1.288|85 649|0.071|25|0.434|85 990|0.074|25|0.492|85 0.1 Hij 790 0.02 Mal 0.93 Lbs 0.02 Hrz 514|0.087|25|1.079|85 565|0.077|25|0.614|85 987|0.107|25|0.443|85 0.1 Hij 791 0.01 Mal 0.088 Lcd 0.02 Hv 500|0.093|25|0.821|85 792 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lbs 0.02 Hvm 507|0.105|25|1.364|85 706|0.251|25|0.868|85 970|0.111|25|0.586|85 0.06 Hij 793 0.01 Mal 0.72 Lp 0.02 Hv 420|0.153|25|0.843|85 502|0.272|25|2.369|85 794 0.02 Mal 1.85 Lbs 0.02 Hgk 538|0.098|25|1.122|85 860|0.044|25|0.376|85 967|0.056|25|0.376|85 0.1 Hij 795 0.01 Mao 0.14 Ldg 0.02 Hgm 492|0.173|25|0.885|85 0.01 Mal 796 0.01 Mao 0.069 Ldh 0.02 Hgm 492|0.172|25|0.845|85 0.01 Mal 797 0.02 Mal 0.083 Lck 0.1 Hpj 628|0.225|25|2.311|85 691|0.205|25|1.765|85 1145|0.099|25|0.51|85 0.1 Hij 798 0.02 Mal 0.32 Lck 0.063 Hij 615|0.24|25|2.339|85 668|0.306|25|1.971|85 1049|0.165|25|0.518|85 0.1 Hja 799 0.02 Mal 0.23 Lck 0.1 Hij 658|0.133|25|1.308|85 704|0.102|25|1.039|85 1200|0.118|25|0.24|85 0.02 Hja 800 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.1 Hnw 690|0.068|25|1.214|85 731|0.061|25|1.261|85 1242|0.054|25|0.24|85 0.06 Hij 801 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.1 Hpo 646|0.122|25|0.962|85 693|0.103|25|0.848|85 1200|0.075|25|0.217|85 0.06 Hij 802 0.005 Me 1.31 Lbs 0.15 Hke 382|0.142|25|1.505|85 432|0.125|25|1.383|85 627|0.016|25|0.124|85 803 0.01 Mo 0.41 Lck 0.02 Hnu 533|0.231|25|0.427|85 565|0.247|25|0.505|85 603|0.221|25|0.466|85 804 0.01 Mo 0.055 Lbd 0.02 Hv 492|0.195|25|0.433|85 805 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.02 Hnm 450|0.129|25|1.426|85 777|0.069|25|0.387|85 0.06 Hij 806 0.02 Mal 0.39 Lck 0.2 Hij 651|0.152|25|2.039|85 699|0.125|25|1.58|85 1200|0.104|25|0.474|85 0.2 Hna 807 0.02 Mal 0.097 Lck 0.021 Hnd 663|0.139|25|1.578|85 701|0.135|25|1.662|85 752|0.09|25|1.276|85 0.1 Hij 808 0.005 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.024 Hnh 412|0.094|25|2.354|85 555|0.031|25|0.95|85 738|0.013|25|0.234|85 0.06 Hir 809 0.02 Mal 0.077 Lck 0.1 Hnf 428|0.682|25|3.517|85 704|0.152|25|2.202|85 753|0.13|25|2.023|85 0.1 Hij 810 0.01 Mal 0.36 Lck 0.02 Hij 405|2.17|25|5|85 570|0.115|25|0.373|85 0.1 Hng 811 0.01 Mal 1.92 Lbs 0.3 Hnh 411|1.09|25|5|85 581|0.123|25|0.582|85 900|0.04|25|0.151|85 0.02 Hij 812 0.01 Mao 0.084 Lbd 0.02 Hgm 493|0.195|25|0.999|85 0.01 Mal 813 0.01 Mo 0.54 Lck 0.042 Hnh 636|0.222|25|1.466|85 704|0.214|25|1.851|85 0.02 Hij 814 0.01 Mo 0.58 Lck 0.021 Hij 641|0.125|25|1.319|85 678|0.133|25|1.659|85 703|0.149|25|1.807|85 0.043 Hng 815 0.02 Mal 1.5 Lbs 0.08 Hab 580|0.252|25|2.342|85 648|0.262|25|1.703|85 1010|0.131|25|0.662|85 0.02 Haj 0.06 Hij 816 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.041 Hij 620|0.257|25|1.501|85 649|0.274|25|1.465|85 1110|0.108|25|0.342|85 0.2 Hna 817 0.02 Mal 1.52 Lbs 0.02 Hss 416|0.276|25|2.436|85 507|0.089|25|1.884|85 860|0.04|25|0.604|85 0.1 Hij 818 0.02 Mal 0.214 Lck 0.025 Hri 434|0.369|25|1.639|85 717|0.112|25|0.501|85 0.061 Hij 819 0.02 Mal 0.65 Lbt 0.2 Hrg 560|0.411|25|1.207|85 723|0.421|25|1.052|85 820 0.02 Mas 0.27 Lbt 560|0.394|25|1.207|85 722|0.317|25|0.991|85 821 0.02 Mal 0.11 Lbt 0.2 Har 602|0.502|25|2.307|85 992|0.218|25|0.614|85 0.1 Hij 822 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lbt 0.15 Hik 484|0.028|25|0.246|85 656|0.243|25|2.324|85 704|0.183|25|2.357|85 823 0.02 Mal 0.1 Lbt 0.15 Hik 654|0.381|25|2.649|85 704|0.331|25|2.703|85 824 0.005 Mo 0.094 Lck 0.025 Hgz 503|0.094|25|1.504|85 642|1.129|25|1.579|85 964|0.118|25|0.597|85 0.02 Mal 0.2 Hij 825 0.02 Mal 0.07 Lck 0.1 Hnv 662|0.072|25|0.889|85 704|0.076|25|0.991|85 754|0.061|25|0.945|85 0.061 Hij 826 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.1 Hnw 686|0.087|25|1.159|85 727|0.068|25|1.196|85 1235|0.054|25|0.232|85 0.06 Hij 827 0.04 Mal 0.25 Lck 0.016 Hbt 450|0.121|25|1.023|85 511|0.065|25|0.971|85 609|0.258|25|1.042|85 0.015 Hnm 0.01 Hgz 828 0.01 Mo 0.8 Lck 0.1 Hfz 617|0.096|25|1.228|85 665|0.066|25|1.251|85 697|0.046|25|1.165|85 0.05 Hgh 829 0.04 Mal 0.27 Lck 0.016 Hbt 451|0.128|25|0.844|85 547|0.125|25|1.115|85 600|0.208|25|1.085|85 0.015 Hbl 0.015 Hnm 830 0.04 Mal 0.275 Lck 0.031 Hbt 449|0.13|25|1.175|85 545|0.131|25|1.175|85 603|0.236|25|1.151|85 0.023 Hnm 0.12 Hij 831 0.04 Mal 0.13 Lck 0.08 Ho 448|0.31|25|1.9|85 708|0.194|25|1.042|85 757|0.167|25|1.131|85 0.02 Hnm 0.12 Hij 832 0.02 Mal 0.13 Lck 0.06 Hnu 606|0.221|25|1.056|85 645|0.221|25|1.068|85 694|0.125|25|0.912|85 0.06 Hij 833 0.02 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.02 Hnu 598|0.128|25|0.753|85 653|0.131|25|0.941|85 700|0.102|25|0.898|85 0.061 Hij 834 0.04 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.02 Hbl 454|0.273|25|1.86|85 498|0.206|25|2.061|85 758|0.154|25|0.851|85 0.02 Hnm 0.12 Hij 835 0.02 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.1 Hog 688|0.071|25|1.163|85 731|0.06|25|1.231|85 1210|0.067|25|0.238|85 0.062 Hij 836 0.04 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.02 Hbl 455|0.353|25|1.666|85 496|0.255|25|1.882|85 753|0.189|25|0.824|85 0.02 Hnm 0.11 Hij 837 0.0105 Mao 0.023 Ldf 0.021 Hgm 492|0.326|25|1.112|85 0.0105 Mal 838 0.02 Mal 0.145 Lck 0.1 Hnw 677|0.155|25|1.338|85 715|0.115|25|1.359|85 1232|0.069|25|0.257|85 0.06 Hij 839 0.01 Mal 0.13 Lck 0.03 Har 376|0.534|25|1.756|85 632|0.054|25|0.706|85 793|0.022|25|0.089|85 0.05 Hff 0.1 Hir 840 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.01 Hdp 518|0.16|25|0.987|85 611|0.281|25|1.2|85 969|0.118|25|0.443|85 0.2 Hfz 0.01 Haz 841 0.02 Mak 0.16 Lck 0.02 Hdo 635|0.175|25|1.686|85 0.1 Hfz 842 0.02 Mal 0.39 Lck 0.1 Hcr 582|0.247|25|1.578|85 645|0.26|25|1.186|85 1015|0.108|25|0.438|85 0.06 Hij 843 0.02 Mal 0.08 Lck 0.06 Hac 610|0.083|25|0.465|85 660|0.095|25|0.543|85 700|0.081|25|0.511|85 0.06 Hij 844 0.02 Mal 0.29 Lck 0.01 Hdp 503|0.027|25|0.589|85 633|0.165|25|1.083|85 973|0.079|25|0.288|85 0.2 Hfz 0.015 Hgz 845 0.01 Mo 1.7 Lck 0.02 Hfz 595|0.215|25|1.623|85 630|0.307|25|2.391|85 649|0.347|25|2.637|85 0.1 Hhh 846 0.01 Mo 0.37 Lck 0.02 Hfz 642|0.175|25|1.159|85 699|0.272|25|1.848|85 750|0.14|25|0.839|85 0.1 Hka 847 0.02 Mal 0.067 Lck 0.02 Hv 395|0.129|25|0.377|85 500|0.11|25|1.132|85 848 0.01 Mo 2.3 Lck 0.02 Hea 565|0.159|25|0.793|85 656|0.159|25|1.785|85 0.1 Hje 849 0.01 Mh 0.019 Lu 0.03 Hea 508|0.618|25|0.507|85 665|0.149|25|1.125|85 723|0.122|25|1.005|85 0.15 Hfz 850 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.02 Hra 502|0.449|25|2.075|85 639|0.228|25|0.742|85 988|0.196|25|0.85|85 0.105 Hik 851 0.02 Mak 0.4 Lbg 0.08 Hfz 715|0.2|25|1.917|85 761|0.194|25|2.003|85 0.2 Hir 852 0.02 Mal 0.59 Lck 0.1 Har 395|0.387|25|0.142|85 525|0.055|25|1.225|85 570|0.094|25|1.492|85 0.1 Hik 853 0.003 Mal 0.17 Lck 0.03 Hir 421|0.083|25|1.533|85 504|0.069|25|0.94|85 555|0.044|25|0.685|85 0.03 Hjs 854 0.0204 Mal 0.917 Lck 0.993 Hij 705|0.115|25|2.152|85 757|0.102|25|2.143|85 855 0.01 Mal 0.023 Lck 0.032 Har 389|0.316|25|5|85 513|0.016|25|1.302|85 658|0.101|25|0.701|85 0.1 Hfe 0.1 Hir 856 0.02 Mal 0.19 Lck 0.01 Hbu 518|0.056|25|0.955|85 695|0.192|25|1.184|85 753|0.138|25|1.157|85 0.2 Hfz 0.01 Hje 857 0.01 Mo 1.54 Lck 0.1 Hfz 634|0.252|25|2.97|85 688|0.186|25|2.604|85 720|0.231|25|3.022|85 0.1 Hke 858 0.02 Mak 2.2 Lbg 0.02 Hdy 503|0.994|25|2.808|85 885|0.289|25|0.712|85 990|0.466|25|1.151|85 0.16 Hfz 859 0.02 Mak 0.48 Lh 0.2 Hfz 670|0.384|25|2.653|85 705|0.531|25|3.312|85 757|0.512|25|3.132|85 860 0.005 Mo 0.14 Lck 0.2 Hfz 503|0.096|25|1.678|85 642|1.279|25|1.648|85 964|0.124|25|0.67|85 0.02 Mal 0.025 Hgz 861 0.008 Mi 0.026 Lu 0.077 Hga 498|0.408|25|0.274|85 632|0.241|25|1.085|85 695|0.368|25|1.892|85 862 0.01 Mo 1 Lbg 0.08 Hjx 552|0.246|25|0.691|85 605|0.191|25|0.905|85 634|0.184|25|0.942|85 863 0.01 Mal 0.32 Lck 0.1 Hir 415|0.23|25|3.61|85 595|0.062|25|0.738|85 647|0.077|25|0.85|85 0.02 Hje 0.08 Hke 864 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.04 Hfv 632|0.311|25|3.039|85 1141|0.097|25|0.662|85 0.2 Hfz 865 0.002 Mal 0.0045 Lck 0.02 Hir 384|0.135|25|1.902|85 504|0.014|25|0.542|85 705|0.024|25|0.218|85 0.2 Hkf 866 0.02 Mak 2.8 Lbg 0.047 Hfo 382|1.625|25|5|85 580|0.054|25|0.403|85 648|0.07|25|0.324|85 0.087 Hje 867 0.003 Mal 0.094 Lck 0.0008 Hij 417|0.066|25|1.958|85 561|0.023|25|0.781|85 742|0.002|25|0.205|85 0.03 Hir 0.03 Hke 868 0.01 Mal 0.023 Lck 0.032 Har 388|0.327|25|5|85 509|0.013|25|0.968|85 602|0.062|25|0.758|85 0.1 Hfe 0.05 Hir 869 0.003 Mo 0.17 Lck 0.01 Hea 506|0.308|25|1.85|85 724|3.539|25|2.804|85 1004|0.289|25|0.813|85 0.02 Mal 0.2 Hfz 0.01 Hgm 870 0.02 Mak 0.62 Lt 0.2 Hfz 668|0.1|25|2.142|85 704|0.126|25|2.544|85 756|0.115|25|2.4|85 871 0.01 Mo 0.73 Lbg 0.033 Hiu 535|0.163|25|0.385|85 872 0.01 Mo 0.83 Lck 0.1 Hfz 640|0.282|25|2.202|85 666|0.452|25|3.357|85 699|0.665|25|5|85 0.02 Hgw 873 0.0048 Mq 0.0137 Lu 0.21 Hfz 506|0.139|25|1.122|85 742|1.473|25|1.069|85 874 0.02 Mal 0.57 Lck 0.02 Hg 525|0.122|25|1.241|85 640|0.498|25|0.555|85 1011|0.1|25|0.503|85 0.06 Hij 875 0.02 Mak 0.34 Ld 0.2 Hfz 704|0.825|25|3.47|85 755|0.823|25|3.479|85 876 0.02 Mal 0.18 Lck 0.1 Hag 630|0.2|25|1.451|85 692|0.152|25|1.022|85 0.06 Hij 877 0.02 Mal 1.49 Lck 0.02 Hgr 497|0.273|25|1.731|85 988|0.159|25|0.775|85 1206|0.145|25|0.336|85 0.1 Hje 878 0.02 Mak 0.27 Lbg 0.08 Hfz 710|0.284|25|2|85 755|0.28|25|1.995|85 0.1 Hir 879 0.02 Mal 0.11 Lck 0.02 Hra 519|0.349|25|2.904|85 640|0.195|25|0.614|85 996|0.157|25|1.079|85 0.06 Hij 880 0.02 Mal 0.31 Lck 0.004 Hbt 531|0.064|25|0.588|85 655|0.144|25|0.487|85 757|0.063|25|0.316|85 0.2 Hfz 0.006 Hbb 881 0.01 Mo 3.88 Lbs 0.1 Hfz 618|0.083|25|1.434|85 672|0.148|25|2.424|85 700|0.192|25|3.402|85 882 0.01 Mo 1.88 Lck 0.02 Hfv 623|0.24|25|2.285|85 652|0.327|25|3.123|85 682|0.358|25|5|85 0.1 Hfz 883 0.02 Mak 0.4 Lbg 0.04 Hfw 533|0.067|25|2.734|85 740|0.15|25|0.735|85 0.2 Hir 884 0.01 Mo 0.28 Lck 0.01 Hgz 538|0.143|25|0.614|85 0.1 Hiu 885 0.02 Mal 0.22 Lck 0.02 Hdc 480|0.077|25|0.274|85 702|0.109|25|0.495|85 755|0.065|25|0.446|85 0.2 Hfz 886 0.01 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.04 Haw 356|0.697|25|3.443|85 660|0.051|25|0.33|85 700|0.04|25|0.31|85 0.04 Hij 887 0.01 Mo 0.16 Lck 0.35 Hgi 563|0.07|25|0.783|85 650|0.086|25|1.39|85 777|0.097|25|1.582|85 0.15 Hir 888 0.02 Mal 0.26 Lck 0.02 Hfv 635|0.309|25|2.706|85 1141|0.105|25|0.594|85 0.2 Hfz 889 0.02 Mak 0.73 Laf 0.2 Hfz 670|0.195|25|2.285|85 704|0.237|25|2.785|85 756|0.215|25|2.661|85 890 0.01 Mal 0.067 Lck 0.04 Hdp 520|0.032|25|5|85 680|0.08|25|1.195|85 0.1 Hir 891 0.02 Mal 0.33 Lbs 0.04 Hbu 498|0.111|25|0.558|85 854|0.085|25|0.2|85 959|0.13|25|0.301|85 0.1 Hes 892 0.02 Mak 1.6 Lbg 0.16 Hfz 636|0.134|25|1.739|85 682|0.144|25|1.623|85 1028|0.089|25|0.806|85 0.17 Hke 893 0.02 Mal 0.12 Lck 0.2 Hac 575|0.286|25|0.963|85 665|0.26|25|0.853|85 1022|0.136|25|0.339|85 0.04 Hij 894 0.01 Mo 0.71 Lck 0.02 Hfz 634|0.492|25|2.312|85 688|0.348|25|1.763|85 721|0.447|25|2.111|85 0.2 Hke 895 0.001 Mo 0.016 Lck 0.1 Hir 510|0.033|25|1.379|85 755|0.899|25|0.988|85 782|1.297|25|1.273|85 0.002 Mal 896 0.02 Mak 0.057 Lf 0.2 Hfz 352|0.155|25|5|85 702|0.058|25|0.53|85 756|0.025|25|0.502|85 897 0.002 Mak 0.66 Hir 368|1.694|25|4.519|85 496|0.105|25|1.134|85 725|0.068|25|0.358|85 0.07 Hjx 898 0.02 Mak 0.7 Lax 0.2 Hfz 669|0.282|25|2.018|85 705|0.401|25|2.409|85 756|0.397|25|2.278|85 899 0.02 Mak 0.83 Lbg 0.05 Hfz 636|0.196|25|1.461|85 682|0.203|25|1.36|85 1026|0.114|25|0.695|85 0.17 Hke 900 0.02 Mal 0.1 Lck 0.02 Hbc 508|0.051|25|0.139|85 704|0.092|25|0.793|85 756|0.064|25|0.754|85 0.1 Hij 901 0.01 Mi 0.029 Lu 0.2 Hga 502|0.478|25|0.294|85 632|0.388|25|1.602|85 695|0.634|25|2.849|85 902 0.014 Ek 0.08 Hif 539|0.33|25|0.571|85 592|0.327|25|0.757|85 635|0.278|25|0.691|85 0.01 Mo 903 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.06 Hbt 548|0.097|25|1.134|85 607|0.143|25|1.18|85 970|0.07|25|0.503|85 0.1 Hfz 904 0.02 Mak 0.47 Lbg 0.2 Hir 625|0.078|25|0.8|85 657|0.117|25|0.875|85 704|0.165|25|0.924|85 0.04 Hje 905 0.02 Mak 0.37 Lbg 0.02 Hfw 710|0.197|25|1.117|85 0.02 Hfz 0.2 Hir 906 0.02 Mal 0.091 Lck 0.051 Hjg 509|0.09|25|3.871|85 820|0.024|25|0.542|85 874|0.021|25|0.424|85 907 0.02 Mal 0.086 Lck 0.04 Har 510|0.112|25|5|85 603|0.187|25|2.856|85 657|0.214|25|2.689|85 0.1 Hir 908 0.02 Mak 0.55 Lbs 0.2 Hfz 704|0.302|25|3.312|85 756|0.29|25|3.132|85 909 0.02 Mak 0.48 Lbg 0.04 Hn 653|0.176|25|1.562|85 700|0.205|25|1.408|85 0.1 Hfz 910 0.01 Mo 2.28 Lck 0.01 Hbb 574|0.162|25|0.992|85 636|0.185|25|1.463|85 0.05 Hje 911 0.02 Mal 0.16 Lck 0.04 Hbt 563|0.128|25|2.694|85 664|0.146|25|1.989|85 930|0.053|25|0.743|85 0.2 Hir 912 0.02 Mal 0.24 Lck 0.2 Hfz 637|0.326|25|2.893|85 1143|0.117|25|0.665|85 0.04 Hdh 913 0.002 Mo 0.12 Lck 0.02 Hir 392|0.428|25|2.652|85 726|0.017|25|0.634|85 748|0.02|25|0.802|85 0.02 Hjt 914 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.02 Hdx 510|0.202|25|0.477|85 703|0.334|25|2.229|85 756|0.321|25|2.192|85 0.2 Hfz 915 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.04 Hgx 481|0.138|25|0.891|85 653|0.205|25|0.982|85 703|0.151|25|0.956|85 0.1 Hje 916 0.01 Mo 0.24 Lbs 0.2 Hgi 533|0.141|25|0.742|85 576|0.075|25|1.011|85 917 0.002 Mal 0.0089 Lck 0.004 Hfw 531|0.06|25|0.754|85 738|0.013|25|0.163|85 0.04 Hir 918 0.02 Mak 1.21 Lbg 0.2 Hje 418|0.245|25|0.116|85 653|0.097|25|1.7|85 704|0.128|25|1.712|85 919 0.02 Mal 1.04 Lbs 0.3 Hij 675|0.076|25|2.172|85 705|0.096|25|2.73|85 756|0.086|25|2.649|85 920 0.02 Mak 0.4 Lbg 0.1 Hfz 663|0.147|25|0.626|85 704|0.163|25|0.718|85 754|0.128|25|0.664|85 0.02 Hec 921 0.02 Mak 0.19 Lcn 0.2 Hfz 704|0.972|25|3.164|85 757|0.956|25|3.077|85 922 0.02 Mak 0.81 Ls 0.2 Hfz 660|0.068|25|1.325|85 703|0.078|25|1.526|85 754|0.065|25|1.421|85 923 0.02 Mak 0.075 Lck 0.1 Hfz 501|0.094|25|1.538|85 856|0.073|25|0.551|85 948|0.086|25|0.582|85 0.02 Hbs 924 0.01 Mo 1.27 Lck 0.05 Hfz 634|0.22|25|2.97|85 688|0.158|25|2.311|85 720|0.202|25|2.76|85 0.2 Hke 925 0.04 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.2 Hfz 501|0.107|25|2.23|85 702|0.261|25|1.529|85 759|0.173|25|1.499|85 0.025 Hgz 926 0.01 Mo 3.1 Lck 0.1 Hdp 595|0.142|25|1.202|85 648|0.242|25|2.702|85 0.1 Hfz 927 0.01 Mo 1.38 Lck 0.1 Hei 622|0.226|25|2.31|85 675|0.39|25|4.409|85 690|0.412|25|5|85 0.1 Hfz 928 0.02 Mal 0.21 Lck 0.06 Hje 620|0.05|25|0.721|85 651|0.067|25|0.84|85 704|0.075|25|0.845|85 929 0.02 Mak 0.2 Lbc 0.2 Hfz 705|0.913|25|2.883|85 756|0.91|25|2.812|85 930 0.002 Mak 0.001 Hfz 500|0.085|25|1.426|85 800|0.035|25|0.376|85 0.08 Hgi 0.61 Hir 931 0.02 Mak 0.72 Lbg 0.04 Hcb 663|0.174|25|1.274|85 0.1 Hfz 932 0.02 Mak 0.49 Lv 0.2 Hfz 670|0.212|25|2.176|85 705|0.274|25|2.734|85 756|0.254|25|2.626|85 933 0.01 Mo 0.95 Lck 0.1 Hjd 641|0.139|25|2.013|85 700|0.34|25|5|85 722|0.273|25|5|85 934 0.04 Mal 0.42 Lck 0.01 Hbs 488|0.026|25|0.689|85 653|0.188|25|1.745|85 705|0.165|25|1.705|85 0.2 Hje 935 0.02 Mal 0.31 Lck 0.1 Hcn 411|0.414|25|5|85 683|0.09|25|1.654|85 736|0.082|25|1.739|85 0.08 Hij 936 0.01 Mo 1.87 Lck 0.02 Hje 533|0.567|25|0.926|85 606|0.578|25|1.221|85 658|0.58|25|1.166|85 0.2 Hjy 937 0.02 Mak 0.32 Lj 0.2 Hfz 705|1.644|25|3.47|85 756|1.652|25|3.275|85 938 0.02 Mak 4.69 Lbr 0.2 Hfz 653|0.756|25|2.094|85 702|0.763|25|1.926|85 751|0.67|25|1.739|85 939 0.002 Mo 0.24 Lck 0.02 Hir 445|0.082|25|1.341|85 691|0.029|25|0.515|85 776|0.047|25|0.802|85 0.02 Hke 940 0.02 Mal 0.055 Lck 0.19 Hcs 506|0.121|25|4.519|85 677|0.053|25|0.681|85 820|0.021|25|0.801|85 0.12 Hir 941 0.01 Mal 0.064 Lck 0.01 Hfv 460|0.205|25|5|85 523|0.066|25|5|85 700|0.043|25|1.161|85 0.1 Hir 942 0.005 Mo 0.28 Lck 0.023 Har 531|0.193|25|0.43|85 564|0.14|25|0.491|85 595|0.098|25|0.401|85 0.1 Hgi 943 0.02 Mak 0.69 Lbg 0.01 Hea 500|0.123|25|1.055|85 558|0.122|25|0.958|85 636|0.281|25|1.155|85 0.16 Hfz 0.06 Hhh 944 0.01 Mal 0.023 Lck 0.03 Har 604|0.175|25|2.131|85 657|0.181|25|1.85|85 1020|0.054|25|0.482|85 0.05 Hir 945 0.01 Maf 0.54 Lbg 0.38 Hcb 650|0.098|25|0.543|85 0.028 Hfz 946 0.01 Mal 0.041 Lck 0.03 Har 511|0.138|25|5|85 595|0.199|25|2.106|85 670|0.189|25|2.011|85 0.2 Hir 947 0.02 Mak 0.16 Lck 0.2 Hfz 352|0.786|25|5|85 704|0.158|25|1.993|85 756|0.134|25|1.934|85 948 0.021 Mak 0.86 Lbs 0.2 Hfz 663|0.067|25|1.753|85 705|0.083|25|1.992|85 756|0.072|25|1.864|85 949 0.02 Mal 0.31 Lck 0.02 Hbv 557|0.125|25|0.803|85 636|0.186|25|1.016|85 975|0.073|25|0.347|85 0.1 Hfz 950 0.02 Mal 0.106 Lck 0.1 Hfz 657|0.116|25|1.428|85 701|0.153|25|1.866|85 756|0.144|25|1.834|85 0.2 Hka 951 0.02 Mak 1 Lr 0.2 Hfz 660|0.176|25|1.955|85 703|0.244|25|2.197|85 754|0.227|25|2.031|85 952 0.02 Mal 0.91 Lck 0.2 Har 392|0.43|25|0.182|85 564|0.074|25|1.325|85 975|0.062|25|0.445|85 0.1 Hik 953 0.02 Mal 0.24 Lck 0.02 Har 625|0.148|25|1.516|85 0.06 Hij 0.02 Hke 954 0.01 Mo 1.2 Lbg 0.04 Hfz 638|0.171|25|1.679|85 667|0.188|25|1.679|85 696|0.182|25|1.535|85 0.35 Hgi 955 0.01 Mo 0.93 Lck 0.07 Hfz 587|0.222|25|2.024|85 636|0.283|25|3.35|85 0.1 Hgz 956 0.02 Mal 0.38 Lck 0.014 Hgz 485|0.05|25|0.436|85 653|0.185|25|1.604|85 705|0.157|25|1.597|85 0.2 Hje 957 0.02 Mal 2.77 Lck 0.02 Hdz 506|0.235|25|1.783|85 865|0.068|25|0.418|85 990|0.15|25|0.75|85 0.2 Hfz 958 0.01 Mal 0.066 Lck 0.02 Hdp 453|0.245|25|5|85 520|0.066|25|5|85 690|0.076|25|1.549|85 0.1 Hir 959 0.02 Mak 0.18 Ldo 0.2 Hfz 704|1.259|25|3.539|85 756|1.236|25|3.419|85 960 0.02 Mal 0.15 Lck 0.2 Hga 484|0.065|25|0.776|85 641|0.154|25|0.502|85 705|0.085|25|0.421|85 0.04 Hgz 961 0.02 Mal 0.59 Lck 0.02 Hrb 412|0.997|25|0.351|85 541|0.179|25|1.43|85 572|0.214|25|1.602|85 0.04 Hje 962 0.01 Mo 0.03 Lbh 0.15 Hgi 535|0.289|25|0.921|85 572|0.249|25|1.255|85 963 0.02 Mak 1.1 Lbg 0.06 Hfw 620|0.302|25|1.78|85 0.1 Hje 964 0.02 Mak 0.83 Lw 0.2 Hfz 704|0.405|25|3.312|85 756|0.396|25|3.169|85 965 0.02 Mak 1.1 Lbg 0.16 Hfz 642|0.169|25|1.439|85 686|0.187|25|1.359|85 1028|0.102|25|0.63|85 0.02 Hke 966 0.01 Mo 0.95 Lck 0.15 Hgh 534|0.151|25|0.795|85 575|0.108|25|1.058|85 967 0.02 Mal 0.33 Lck 0.01 Hbt 529|0.068|25|0.747|85 630|0.171|25|0.649|85 973|0.081|25|0.377|85 0.01 Hbu 0.2 Hfz 968 0.008 Mo 3.3 Lbg 0.12 Hjg 613|0.145|25|1.773|85 670|0.141|25|1.869|85 717|0.076|25|1.342|85 0.12 Hjx 969 0.0052 Mo 0.16 Lck 0.04 Hhj 615|0.06|25|0.524|85 661|0.049|25|0.49|85 0.04 Hik 970 0.02 Mal 0.74 Lck 0.03 Hb 330|0.282|25|2.278|85 384|2.779|25|1.823|85 584|0.091|25|0.166|85 971 0.02 Mak 1.13 Lbg 0.02 Hea 479|0.138|25|0.842|85 980|0.129|25|0.379|85 0.16 Hje 972 0.02 Mak 0.037 Hcw 704|0.313|25|1.023|85 756|0.31|25|0.981|85 0.2 Hfz 973 0.02 Mal 0.11 Lck 0.02 Hnr 525|0.222|25|2.695|85 634|0.208|25|0.612|85 995|0.127|25|1.025|85 0.06 Hij 974 0.02 Mal 0.085 Lck 0.08 Hff 632|0.117|25|1.367|85 700|0.132|25|1.14|85 0.04 Hij 975 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lbt 0.058 Hs 415|0.912|25|1.7|85 976 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.01 Hbt 509|0.093|25|0.754|85 620|0.204|25|0.703|85 970|0.109|25|0.429|85 0.2 Hfz 0.01 Hgz 977 0.01 Mal 0.53 Lck 0.01 Hdy 457|0.645|25|5|85 636|0.066|25|0.476|85 940|0.05|25|0.535|85 0.02 Hir 0.01 Hke 978 0.01 Mo 0.76 Lbg 0.019 Hir 559|0.13|25|0.526|85 745|0.004|25|0.131|85 0.033 Hiu 979 0.02 Mal 0.093 Lck 0.06 Hik 580|0.078|25|0.837|85 621|0.152|25|1.207|85 704|0.207|25|1.101|85 0.52 Hkh 980 0.02 Mal 0.28 Lck 0.1 Hje 400|0.187|25|0.11|85 653|0.092|25|1.293|85 704|0.095|25|1.308|85 981 0.02 Mal 0.4 Lck 0.02 Hdm 631|0.123|25|1.782|85 1137|0.064|25|0.404|85 1184|0.063|25|0.383|85 0.2 Hfz 982 0.02 Mal 0.2 Lck 0.02 Hbb 500|0.118|25|0.941|85 705|0.484|25|0.785|85 937|0.095|25|0.475|85 0.2 Hje 983 0.01 Mo 2.6 Lbg 0.15 Hgh 534|0.297|25|0.82|85 575|0.223|25|1.07|85 984 0.02 Man 0.32 Lck 0.04 Hfz 585|0.062|25|0.932|85 648|0.098|25|0.959|85 993|0.043|25|0.296|85 0.12 Hhh 0.2 Hir 985 0.02 Mal 0.25 Lck 0.04 Hbt 549|0.13|25|1.187|85 610|0.179|25|1.242|85 973|0.084|25|0.524|85 0.1 Hfz 986 0.01 Mo 3.22 Lck 0.02 Hbt 577|0.252|25|1.706|85 611|0.369|25|2.47|85 632|0.337|25|2.343|85 0.05 Hje 987 0.01 Maf 0.062 Ldd 0.062 Hea 496|0.117|25|0.608|85 1000|0.09|25|0.238|85 0.45 Hfz 988 0.01 Mo 2.37 Lck 0.02 Hdy 550|0.166|25|0.787|85 588|0.314|25|1.333|85 637|0.477|25|1.88|85 0.053 Hil 989 0.02 Mal 0.23 Lck 0.02 Hea 499|0.146|25|2.001|85 882|0.076|25|0.517|85 1000|0.149|25|0.801|85 0.16 Hfz 990 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lbt 0.058 Hs 420|1.062|25|2.789|85 991 0.02 Mal 0.07 Lf 0.1 Har 588|0.312|25|2.45|85 622|0.338|25|2.241|85 994|0.112|25|0.654|85 0.06 Hij 992 0.002 Mo 0.31 Lck 0.02 Hir 448|0.063|25|1.255|85 689|0.022|25|0.495|85 778|0.033|25|0.741|85 0.02 Hjr 993 0.005 Mal 0.016 Lck 0.01 Hfw 533|0.093|25|1.689|85 740|0.027|25|0.351|85 0.05 Hir 994 0.01 Mo 0.36 Lck 0.1 Hir 373|0.348|25|5|85 717|0.172|25|3.703|85 753|0.116|25|3.419|85 0.1 Hkf 995 0.01 Mo 1.19 Lck 0.1 Har 560|0.42|25|0.871|85 996 0.02 Mak 2.45 Lbg 0.053 Hfo 583|0.135|25|0.864|85 643|0.101|25|0.694|85 1051|0.077|25|0.303|85 0.087 Hje 997 0.02 Mak 1.9 Lbg 0.16 Hje 593|0.134|25|1.575|85 645|0.171|25|1.627|85 1070|0.096|25|0.618|85 0.2 Hke 998 0.01 Mo 1.5 Lck 0.02 Hs 624|0.202|25|1.571|85 663|0.156|25|1.23|85 735|0.162|25|1.325|85 0.02 Hfz 999 0.02 Mal 0.08 Lck 0.1 Hac 607|0.116|25|0.595|85 661|0.134|25|0.663|85 697|0.115|25|0.615|85 0.06 Hij 1000 0.02 Mal 0.22 Lck 0.063 Hcj 595|0.101|25|1.059|85 645|0.129|25|1.126|85 1100|0.085|25|0.395|85 0.06 Hik 1001 0.01 Mo 1.48 Lck 0.04 Hik 566|0.078|25|0.96|85 623|0.098|25|1.413|85 653|0.096|25|1.516|85 0.02 Hio 1002 0.002 Mal 0.0089 Lck 0.002 Hdm 391|0.13|25|2.33|85 460|0.038|25|1.16|85 519|0.017|25|0.723|85 0.04 Hir 0.2 Hkf 1003 0.011 Mak 1.6 Lbg 0.3 Hhh 537|0.032|25|0.484|85 606|0.061|25|0.573|85 975|0.04|25|0.245|85 0.054 Hje 1004 0.002 Mo 0.1 Lck 0.002 Hci 392|0.088|25|2.737|85 667|0.014|25|0.304|85 748|0.032|25|0.923|85 0.02 Hir 1005 0.02 Mal 0.14 Lck 0.005 Hea 499|0.23|25|0.987|85 705|0.254|25|1.78|85 757|0.238|25|1.759|85 0.2 Hfz 1006 0.01 Mzz 2.9 Lbg 0.04 Hje 545|0.334|25|0.969|85 600|0.295|25|1.612|85 0.15 Hgh Solvent = N,N-Dimethylacetamide 1007 0.01 Mo 1 Lbg 0.15 Hgi 533|0.283|25|0.637|85 577|0.189|25|0.772|85 Solvent = Poly(ethylene glycol) of ~400 average molecular weight 1008 0.015 Maf 0.68 Hfz 666|0.155|25|1.572|85 703|0.216|25|1.79|85 757|0.214|25|1.618|85 Solvent = Propylene Carbonate 1009 0.01 Mo 0.08 Lbg 0.15 Hgi 535|0.288|25|0.946|85 571|0.224|25|1.271|85 1010 0.02 Mak 0.19 Lch 0.2 Hfz 704|0.279|25|2.698|85 757|0.262|25|2.665|85 1011 0.02 Mak 0.18 Lcg 0.2 Hfz 704|0.48|25|2.899|85 756|0.47|25|2.839|85 1012 0.01 Mh 0.03 Lu 0.69 Hfz 509|0.542|25|0.529|75 666|0.807|25|2.686|75 724|1.392|25|5|75 Solvent = Tetra(ethylene glycol) 1013 0.01 Mo 0.2 Hjx 546|0.17|25|0.371|85 586|0.151|25|0.436|85 631|0.128|25|0.405|85 Solvent = 85% Gamma Butyrolactone, 15% Water by weight 1014 0.009 Mq 649|0.088|25|1.13|85 Solvent = 76.6% Gamma Butyrolactone, 23.4% Water by weight 1015 0.013 Mr 0.057 Hfz 575|0.12|25|2.569|85 635|0.096|25|2.743|85 963|0.431|25|1.122|85 Solvent = 54% Gamma Butyrolactone, 46% Water by weight 1016 0.003 Mq 0.08 Hfz 580|0.144|25|1.053|85 636|0.097|25|1.152|85 Solvent = 90% Gamma Butyrolactone, 10% Glycerol by weight 1017 0.0009 Mv 0.014 Hje 475|0.102|25|0.82|85 Solvent = 83% Gamma Butyrolactone, 17% Toluene by weight 1018 0.02 Mak 0.13 Lck 0.2 Hfz 704|0.226|25|2.844|85 756|0.213|25|2.781|85 Solvent = 83% Diethylene Glycol, 17% Water by weight 1019 0.016 Mq 0.18 Hfz 572|0.158|25|1.241|85 878|0.679|25|1.309|85 964|0.601|25|1.276|85 Solvent = 86% Diethylene Glycol, 14% Water by weight 1020 0.008 Mq 0.188 Hfz 580|0.126|25|1.094|85 968|0.382|25|0.779|85 Solvent = 82% Diethylene Glycol, 18% Water by weight 1021 0.027 Mt 0.2 Hfz 877|1.007|25|1.716|85 957|0.886|25|1.693|85 1155|0.566|25|1.201|85 Solvent = 78% Diethylene Glycol, 22% Water by weight 1022 0.027 Mq 0.18 Hfz 575|0.123|25|1.277|85 880|0.938|25|1.957|85 Solvent = 94% Propylene Carbonate, 6% Water by weight 1023 0.006 Mq 638|0.213|25|3.299|85 Solvent = 67% Poly(ethylene glycol) of ~400 average molecular weight, 33% Water by weight 1024 0.009 Mq 0.28 Hfz 560|0.157|25|0.898|85 969|0.402|25|0.693|85 Solvent = 84% Diethylene Glycol, 16% Water by weight 1025 0.008 Mq 0.183 Hfz 575|0.129|25|0.992|85 968|0.327|25|0.66|85 Key

The following materials were obtained from commercial sources or prepared as described below.

Ma=Bis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole)diiodonickel(II)

To a flask were added 4.0 g nickel acetate tetrahydrate and 216 ml n-butanol. The mixture was heated to 70 C under nitrogen and 7.9 g 57% hydroiodic acid were added. Following distillation of 60 ml to remove water and acetic acid, 5.4 g of 1-ethylbenzimidazole were added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 15 C. The crystalline precipitate was filtered off, washed with 10 ml of 2-propanol and dried giving 4.8 g of dark green crystals.

Mb=Diiodobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)nickel(II)

To a flask were added 1.0 g nickel acetate tetrahydrate and 55 ml n-butanol. The mixture was heated to 70 C under nitrogen and 2.0 g 57% hydroiodic acid was added. Following distillation of 15 ml to remove water and acetic acid, a solution of 2.6 g of tricyclohexylphosphine in 25 ml n-butanol under nitrogen was added to the reaction mixture. Following cooling to 5 C, the crystalline precipitate was filtered, washed with 5 ml of n-butanol and dried giving 2.0 g of reddish brown crystals.

Me=Dibromobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II)

To a flask were added 3.0 g nickel bromide trihydrate and 75 ml n-butanol. The mixture was heated to 115 C under nitrogen and 5.8 g of triphenylphosphine were added. Following distillation of 13 ml to remove water, the reaction mixture was cooled to 22 C. The crystalline solid was filtered, washed with 5 ml of 2-propanol and dried giving 7.3 g of dark green crystals.

Mf=Diiodobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II)

To a flask were added 39.8 g nickel acetate tetrahydrate and 1800 ml n-butanol. The solution was heated to 70 C under nitrogen and 75.4 g 57% hydroiodic acid was added. Following distillation of 625 ml to remove water and acetic acid, a solution of 92.3 g of triphenylphosphine in 910 ml n-butanol at 70 C was added under nitrogen to the reaction mixture. Following cooling to 22 C, the crystalline solid was filtered, washed with 100 ml of 2-propanol, then 50 ml 2-propanol and dried giving 121.9 g of dark brown plates.

Mh=Cobalt (II) Bromide

Mi=Cobalt (II) Chloride

Mo=Cobalt (II) Tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate

Mq=Copper (II) Bromide

Mr=Copper (II) Bromide Dihydrate

Mt=Copper (II) Chloride Dihydrate

Mv=Copper (II) Nitrate 2.5 Hydrate

Mac=Dibromobis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole)nickel(II)

To a flask were added 709 g nickel bromide trihydrate and 16 L n-butanol. The mixture was heated to 9° C. under nitrogen and 760 g of 1-ethylbenzimidazole were added. Following distillation of 1.9 L to remove water, the reaction mixture was cooled to 40 C. The crystalline solid was filtered, washed with IL of 2-propanol, then 500 ml of 2-propanol and dried giving 1246 g of bright blue crystals.

Maf=Nickel (II) Bromide Hexahydrate

Maj=Nickel (II) Iodide Hexahydrate

Mak=Nickel (II) Nitrate Hexahydrate

Mal=Nickel (II) Perchlorate Hexahydrate

Man=Nickel (II) Tetrafluoroborate Hexahydrate

Mao=Bis(acetylacetonato)nickel(II)

Mas=Nickel (II) bis(diisobutyldithiophosphinate)

0.55 g Nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate was dissolved in 0.5 ml of water. 0.60 g of a 50% sodium di(isobutyl)dithiophosphinate water solution and another 2.5 ml water were added. A dark purple precipitate formed immediately. The precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and washed with three 5 ml portions of water. The precipitate was dried at 50 C in a vacuum oven.

Mat=Dibromobis[2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol]nickel(II)

To a flask were added 7.0 g of nickel acetate tetrahydrate, 130 ml of n-butanol, and 9.9 g of 48% hydrobromic acid. After distilling off 100 ml of solvent, 8.3 g of trimethylolpropane were added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 50 C. Following a slow addition of 90 ml of hexane, the mixture was cooled to 5 C and the crystalline solid was filtered, washed with 10 ml of hexane, and dried giving 11.8 g of light blue crystals.

Mbn=Tetrabutylammonium triiodo(triphenylphosphine)nickelate(II)

To a flask were added 4.2 g of nickel iodide hexahydrate and 25 ml of 2,2-dimethoxypropane. This mixture was stirred under nitrogen at 22 C for 1.5 hours, when 50 ml of diethylether were added. After stirring for several minutes, the liquids were decanted away from the solids, and the solids were rinsed twice with 25 ml of diethylether. To the solids were added 12 ml n-butanol and after heating to 40 C, the mixture was filtered. To the resulting solution, 3.7 g of tetrabutylammonium iodide were added along with 2.6 g of triphenylphosphine, and the mixture was stirred at 40 C for 16 hours. After cooling to 22 C, the product was filtered and washed with 20 ml of tert-butyl methyl ether and dried, resulting in 3.5 g of a brown solid.

Mbo=Tetrabutylammonium tetraiodonickelate(II)

To a flask were added 50 g of nickel acetate tetrahydrate, 155 g tetrabutylammonium iodide, 650 ml of n-butanol, and 136 g of 47% hydroiodic acid. The mixture was distilled under a slow stream of nitrogen until 500 ml of solvent was removed. After cooling the mixture to 50 C, 200 ml tert-butyl methyl ether were added followed by seed crystals. Following a slow addition of 600 ml of tert-butyl methyl ether, the mixture was cooled to 22 C and the solid was filtered, washed with 100 ml of tert-butyl methyl ether, and dried giving 182 g of a red solid.

Mzz=Cobalt(II) Nitrate Hexahydrate

La=1,1-Bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropane

Lb=1,2,4-Butanetriol

Lc=1,2-Phenylenedimethanol

Ld=1,2-Hexanediol

Le=1,2-Propanediol

Lf=Cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetriol dihydrate

Lh=1,3-Butanediol

Li=1,3-Cyclohexanediol

Lj=2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-diol

Lk=1,3-Propanediol

Lm=1,4-Dioxane

Lp=18-Crown-6

Lq=1-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 100 g benzimidazole, 44 g sodium hydroxide, 320 ml water and 480 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 157 g Diethyl sulfate were added slowly, maintaining a temperature of 40 C. After 2 hrs at 40 C, the reaction was quenched with slow addition of 100 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid. After washing with 150 ml hexane, the mixture was basified with 50 g sodium hydroxide and extracted with 275 ml ethyl acetate, then 225 ml ethyl acetate. The solvent was removed, leaving an orange oil, which was distilled under full vacuum to give 109.4 g clear colorless oil.

Lr=2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-Pentanediol

Ls=2,2-Dibutyl-1,3-Propanediol

Lt=2,2-Diethyl-1,3-Propanediol

Lu=2,2′-Bipyridine

Lv=2,3-Butanediol

Lw=2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-Butanediol

Ly=2,4-Pentanediol

Lab=2-Bromo-2-Nitro-1,3-Propanediol

Lac=2-Butyl-2-Ethyl-1,3-Propanediol

Lad=2-Ethyl-1,3-Hexanediol

Lae=2-Methyl-1,3-Propanediol

Laf=2-Methyl-2,4-Pentanediol

Lag=2-Methyl-2-Propyl-1,3-Propanediol

Lah=2-Methylenepropane-1,3-diol

Lai=2-Phenyl-1,2-Propanediol

Laj=2-Phenyl-1,3-Propanediol

Lal=Cyclohex-3-ene-1,1-diyldimethanol

Lao=3-Methyl-1,3,5-Pentanetriol

Lap=3-Phenoxy-1,2-Propanediol

Laq=3-Phenyl-1-propanol

Lar=4,4′-Dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine

Lav=2-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol

Lax=Diethylene glycol

Laz=Di(Trimethylolpropane)

Lbc=3,3′-Oxydipropane-1,2-diol

Lbd=Dimethyl sulfoxide

Lbf=Ethanol

Lbg=Ethylene Glycol

Lbh=Glycerol

Lbl=Lithium Salicylate

Lbm=Lithium Trifluoroacetate

Lbo=Methanol

Lbq=N,N-Dimethylformamide

Lbr=2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol

Lbs=Neopentyl Glycol

Lbt=N-Propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 5.0 g 2,2′-dipyridiylamine, 4.9 g of pulverized potassium hydroxide and 45 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring for 1 hour under nitrogen, the mixture was cooled to 5 C and 5.0 g of 1-iodopropane were added. The mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred for 5 hours. After quenching with 45 ml water, the product was extracted with ether and washed twice with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 40% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 4.8 g of nearly colorless oil.

Lbu=Pentaethylene glycol

Lbv=Pentaerythritol

Lbw=Pentaerythritol ethoxylate

Lcc=Tetrahydropyran-2-methanol

Lcd=Tributylphosphine oxide

Lcg=2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-propylpropane-1,3-diol

A solution 15 ml water and 6 g sodium hydroxide was prepared in a flask and cooled to 0-5 C under nitrogen. Formaldehyde, (37%), 34.4 g, was added drop-wise with vigorous stirring, while keeping temperature below 10 C. Valeraldehyde, 10.3 g, was added in small portions. The reaction was heated to 6° C. for five hours, then saturated with sodium chloride and extracted with 3×50 ml ether. The ether layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed. Methanol, 10 ml, was added and the solution was cooled in the freezer for 16 hours. The product was filtered off, washed with a little methanol and dried in a vacuum oven.

Lch=2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol

Lci=2-(Hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol

Lcj=2-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol

Lck=Trimethylolpropane

Lcl=Trimethylolpropane allyl ether

Lcm=Trimethylolpropane ethoxylate

Lcn=Trimethylolpropane propoxylate

Lco=Triphenylphosphine

Lcs=Water

Lcz=Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

Ldc=4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine

Ldd=6-Methyl-2,2′-bipyridine

Ldf=Bis(methylsulfinyl)methane

To a flask were added 4.05 g of methyl (methylthio)methyl sulfoxide and 40 ml acetic acid. The mixture was cooled to 5 C under nitrogen and 3.7 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution was added slowly. The mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred under nitrogen for 16 hours. After removal of most of the acetic acid, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 10% methanol in ethyl acetate to 20% methanol in ethyl acetate resulting in 3.0 g of a clear colorless oil as a mixture of stereo-isomers.

Ldg=Butyl sulfoxide

Ldh=Tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide

Ldo=2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)butane-1,4-diol

To a flask were added 1.5 g diethyl ethylmalonate and 80 ml of tetrahydrofuran and the solution was cooled to 5 C. 0.38 g Sodium hydride were added in small portions and the reaction was stirred for 2 hours at 22 C. After cooling to 5 C, 1.6 g of ethyl bromoacetate were added drop wise and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 22 C under nitrogen for 16 hours. After quenching with a few drops of water, the solvent was removed and the crude oil was dissolved in 20 ml tert-butanol and 0.91 g sodium borohydride were added. The mixture was heated to reflux under nitrogen and 1 ml methanol was added drop wise. After stirring for 30 minutes at reflux, the mixture was cooled to 22 C and made acidic with slow addition of 3M hydrochloric acid. Following removal of solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using pure ethyl acetate resulting in a clear, colorless oil, 0.4 g.

Ha=(S)-(−)-1-(2-Diphenylphosphino-1-naphthyl)isoquinoline

Hb=[2-(Dicyclohexylphosphino)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride

Hc=1-(3-Phenylpropyl)-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 5 g benzimidazole and 75 ml tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen and the solution was cooled to 10 C with stirring. 2.2 g Sodium hydride were added in small portions and the reaction was stirred for 10 minutes. 1-Bromo-3-phenylpropane was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 40 C for 5 hrs. After cooling to 5 C, the reaction was quenched with slow addition of 100 ml water. After the tetrahydrofuran was removed of by rotovap, the mixture was extracted with 100 ml ethyl acetate and washed with 25 ml water and the solvent was removed on the rotovap. The product was purified by column chromatography using 40% ethyl acetate in hexane resulting in a light yellow oil which crystallized in the freezer.

Hg=2,2′-Butane-1,1-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole)

2,2′-Methylenebis(1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 20 g polyphosphoric acid. After heating to 90 C under nitrogen, a mixture of 5.0 g 1,2-phenylenediamine and 2.4 g malonic acid were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 180 C for 4 hours, then cooled to 150 C and poured into 40 ml water. The mixture was basified with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered off and washed with water. The solid was reslurried in 200 ml hot acetonitrile, cooled, filtered and dried leaving 2.7 g of a gray solid.

2,2′-butane-1,1-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 0.79 g 2,2′-methylenebis(1H-benzimidazole) and 20 ml N,N-dimethylformamide under nitrogen. 0.42 g sodium hydride were added in portions and the mixture was stirred 20 minutes. 1.74 g 1-iodopropane were added slowly and the mixture was stirred at 22 C for 16 hrs. After quenching with the slow addition of 40 ml water, the product was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Solvent removal resulted in an oil which was purified by silica gel chromatography using 25% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 0.9 g of a light yellow oil which crystallized on standing.

Hh=1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene

Hk=1,1′-Diethyl-1H,1′H-2,2′-bibenzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.0 g 1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole and 25 ml tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen. To this solution was added 20 ml n-butyllitium (1.6M) and the mixture was heated to 6° C. for 72 hours. After cooling to 22 C, the reaction was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Following solvent removal, the product was dissolved in 8.5 ml hot ethyl acetate and 20 ml of hexane were added. After cooling to 5 C, the product precipitated and was filtered, washed with hexane, and dried giving 0.42 g pale yellow solid.

Hl=1,2-Benzisoxazole

Hm=2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole)

2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 50 g polyphosphoric acid. After heating to 90 C under nitrogen, a mixture of 2.7 g 1,2-phenylenediamine and 2.1 g phthalic acid were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 180 C for 4 hours, then cooled to 130 C and poured into 150 ml water. The mixture was basified with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered and washed with water. After drying, 3.3 g of a gray solid remained.

2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 1.5 g 2,2′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(1H-benzimidazole) and 30 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was cooled to 5 C under nitrogen. 0.48 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 1.9 g Iodoethane were added and the mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and was stirred for 1 hour. The mixture was quenched slowly with 50 ml water and cooled to 5 C. The product was filtered and washed with water. The product was dissolved in 13 ml hot acetonitrile, cooled, filtered and washed with acetonitrile and dried resulting in 1.2 g of an off-white solid.

Hn=2,2′-ethene-1,2-diyldipyridine

Ho=2,2′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(1,3-benzothiazole)

To a flask were added 50 g polyphosphoric acid. After heating to 90 C under nitrogen, a mixture of 3.13 g 2-aminophenol and 2.1 g phthalic acid were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 140 C for 4 hours, then cooled to 90 C and poured into 150 ml water. The mixture was basified by adding sodium carbonate in small portions and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was dissolved in a minimum amount of hot ethanol and allowed to stand at 22 C for 72 hrs. The solid was filtered and washed with a small amount of ethanol. The product was recrystallized from 90% ethanol and dried, resulting in 2.8 g of an off-white solid.

Hr=1,2-Dimethylimidazole

Hs=1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane

Hv=1,4,8,11-Tetrathiacyclotetradecane

Hx=1,8-Naphthyridine

Hy=10-Methyl-10H-phenothiazine

Hab=1-Benzyl-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.5 g 2-methylbenzimidazole, 3.9 g potassium carbonate, 60 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 3.6 g Benzyl chloride were added and the mixture was heated to 6° C. for 16 hours. The reaction was quenched with 80 ml water and cooled to 22 C. The product was extracted twice with 50 ml ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was dissolved in 100 ml hexane and washed with two portions of water. After drying the hexane layer over sodium sulfate, the mixture was filtered and stripped down to an orange oil.

Hac=1-Benzyl-2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 3 g 2-phenylbenzimidazole, 2.8 g potassium carbonate, 40 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 3.6 g Benzyl chloride were added and the mixture was heated to 75 C for 8 hrs. The reaction was cooled to 50 C and quenched with 40 ml of water and cooled to 5 C. The product was filtered, washed with water. The product was recrystallized by dissolving in 57 ml acetonitrile at reflux and 39 ml water were added. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed and dried giving 3.1 g.

Had=1-Benzyl-2-pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.0 g 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, 1.8 g potassium carbonate, 30 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen at 10 C. 1.5 g benzyl chloride were added and the mixture allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred for 3 hours. Another 0.3 g benzyl chloride was added and the reaction was stirred at 22 C for another 16 hours. The reaction was quenched with 40 ml water and the product was filtered and washed with water. The product was dissolved in 10 ml ethanol and 15 ml of water were added. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed and dried resulting in 2.4 g of off-white solid.

Hae=1-Benzyl-2-(benzylsulfanyl)-6-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.0 g 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole, 4.2 g potassium carbonate, 30 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and 3.9 g benzyl chloride. The reaction mixture was heated to 60 C for 16 hours, then cooled to 50 C and quenched with 60 ml water and cooled to 5 C. The solid was filtered and washed with water and then recrystallized by dissolving in 50 ml hot acetonitrile and adding 10 ml of water. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed and dried resulting in 3.5 g white solid as a mixture of the 5-methyl and 6-methyl isomers.

Hag=1-Benzyl-4-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

4-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.0 g 2,3-diaminotoluene, 1.0 g 90% formic acid and 30 ml 5M hydrochloric acid and the mixture was heated to 9° C. under nitrogen for 4 hours. After cooling to 22 C, the mixture was basified with aqueous ammonium hydroxide and the product was removed by filtration and washed with water. The product was purified by column chromatography using pure ethyl acetate resulting in 1.0 g brown solid.

1-Benzyl-4-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 1.0 g 4-methyl-1H-benzimidazole, 1.6 g potassium carbonate, 25 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 1.4 g Benzyl chloride were added and the mixture was heated to 6° C. for 16 hours. Another 0.4 g of benzyl chloride were added and the reaction was heated to 70 C for 24 hours. The reaction was cooled to 50 C and quenched with 50 ml water and extracted with ethyl acetate. After washing with water, the solvent was removed and the product was purified by column chromatography using a gradient from 40% ethyl acetate in hexane to 75% ethyl acetate in hexane. Following removal of the solvent, the partially crystallized product was dissolved in 20 ml acetonitrile and treated with 0.1 g activated carbon. After refluxing for 20 minutes, the mixture was filtered through celite and the solvent was removed leaving a yellow oil which crystallized on standing, 1.0 g.

Hah=1-Benzyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2 g benzimidazole, 3.5 g potassium carbonate, 20 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 3.2 g Benzyl chloride were added and the mixture was heated to 5° C. for 16 hrs. The reaction was quenched with 40 ml water and 7 ml 3M hydrochloric acid and cooled to 5 C. The product was filtered and washed with water. The product was recrystallized by dissolving in 10 ml 2-propanol at reflux, hot filtered and 30 ml hexane were added. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed with hexane and dried giving 1.6 g.

Hai=1-Ethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine

To a flask were added 0.5 g 4-azabenzimidazole and 10 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 0.18 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 0.71 g Diethylsulfate were added and the mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and was stirred for 16 hours. The mixture was quenched slowly with 30 ml 1M hydrochloric acid and the aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate. After basification with sodium hydroxide, the product was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and dried over sodium sulfate. Following filtration and solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5% methanol in ethyl acetate to 12% methanol in ethyl acetate. 0.4 g Of an oil was obtained.

Haj=1-Ethyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 100 g benzimidazole, 44 g Sodium hydroxide, 320 ml water and 480 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 157 g Diethyl sulfate were added slowly, maintaining a temperature of 40 C. After 2 hrs at 40 C, the reaction was quenched with slow addition of 100 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid. After washing with 150 ml hexane, the mixture was basified with 50 g Sodium hydroxide and extracted with 275 ml ethyl acetate, then 225 ml ethyl acetate. The solvent was removed, leaving an orange oil, which was distilled under full vacuum to give 109.4 g clear colorless oil.

Hak=1-Ethyl-2-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole

5.0 g Thiabendazole and 1.31 g sodium hydroxide were added to 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran. The white slurry was stirred under nitrogen and 4.6 g of diethylsulfate was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 50 C for 16 hours. The mixture was quenched with 75 ml of water and then extracted with 75 ml or ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 15 ml of water. Following solvent removal, an off-white solid crystallized. The solid was recrystallized from 30 ml (2:1, v/v) ethanol/water. The solid was dried under vacuum for 3 hrs at 50 C. 3.7 g of a white solid was obtained.

Ham=2-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)ethanol

To a flask were added 2.3 g benzimidazole and 40 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 1.0 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 4.0 g 2-Iodoethanol were added and the mixture was heated to 5° C. for 16 hours. The mixture was quenched slowly with 50 ml water, extracted twice with ethyl acetate and dried over sodium sulfate. Following filtration and solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 25% methanol in ethyl acetate. A solid was obtained that was dissolved in a hot mixture of 10% methanol in ethyl acetate, cooled, filtered and dried giving 1.4 g white solid.

Han=2-[2-(Diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

2-(2-Bromophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 80 g methanesulfonic acid and 8 g phosphorus pentoxide and the mixture was heated to 60 C under nitrogen until the solids had completely dissolved. To this solution was added 2.7 g 1,2-phenylene diamine and 5.0 g 2-bromobenzoic acid and the mixture was heated to 100 C for 30 minutes. The mixture was poured onto 300 ml ice water and basified with the addition of small portions of sodium carbonate. Following filtration of the solid and washing with water, the crude product was dissolved in 85 ml hot ethanol, filtered and 9 ml of water was added. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered and washed with 50% ethanol and dried, giving 3.85 g off-white solid.

2-(2-Bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 3.3 g 2-(2-bromophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole and 100 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 0.63 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 2.0 g Dimethylsulfate were added and the mixture was heated to 22 C for 30 minutes. The mixture was quenched slowly with 100 ml water, extracted with ethyl acetate and then extracted into a 1M hydrochloric acid solution. The solution was washed with ethyl acetate and then basified with 3M sodium hydroxide. Following extraction with ethyl acetate and solvent removal, the solid was dissolved in a hot mixture of 20 ml hexane with 4 ml 2-propanol. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed with hexane and dried giving 2.9 g of a white solid.

2-[2-(Diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To an oven dried flask that was purged with nitrogen was added 1.5 g 2-(2-bromophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole and 50 ml dry tetrahydrofuran. The solution was cooled to −70 C and 3.9 ml of a 1.6M solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes was added drop wise. After stirring 1 hour at less than −60 C, 1.4 g chlorodiphenylphosphine was added drop wise and the mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C. The mixture was quenched with 100 ml of nitrogen-purged water and extracted with nitrogen-purged ethyl acetate. Following solvent removal, the solid was dissolved in 10 ml of hot, nitrogen-purged ethanol and 7 ml of nitrogen-purged water was added. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered and washed with 50% ethanol that was nitrogen-purged and dried giving 1.3 g off-white solid.

Hao=1-Methyl-1H,1′H-2,2′-bibenzimidazole

1H,1′H-2,2′-Bibenzimidazole

To a flask were added 10.8 g 1,2-phenylene diamine, 2.65 g hexachloroacetone and 50 ml ethylene glycol. The mixture was mixed and heat to 55 C under nitrogen and sonicated for 3 hours. After cooling to 22 C, the solid was filtered and washed with acetone and dried leaving 1.3 g yellow solid.

1-Methyl-1H,1′H-2,2′-bibenzimidazole

To a flask were added 1.2 g 1H,1′H-2,2′-bibenzimidazole, 0.45 g sodium hydroxide, 100 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and 1.4 g dimethylsulfate. The mixture was heated to 45 C under nitrogen for 16 hours and another 0.45 g sodium hydroxide and 2.8 g dimethylsulfate were added and the mixture was stirred at 45 C for 24 hours. Another 4.2 g of dimethylsulfate were added and the mixture was stirred at 45 C for 24 hours, then cooled to 22 C and quenched with 350 ml water. The off-white solid was filtered and washed with water. After dissolving the product in 125 ml hot ethanol, 44 ml water were added and the solution was cooled to 5 C, filtered, washed with 50% ethanol and dried leaving 0.5 g white solid.

Haq=1-Methyl-2-pyridone

Har=1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

Has=1-Methyl-1H-imidazole

Hat=1-Phenyl-1H-benzimidazole

N-Phenylbenzene-1,2-diamine

To a pressure reaction bottle was added 10 g 2-nitrodiphenylamine, 0.5 g 5% palladium on carbon and 100 ml 95% ethanol. The mixture was hydrogenated at 22 C and 40 psi hydrogen for 2 hours. Following filtration through celite and solvent removal, an oil was obtained that crystallized on standing.

1-Phenyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added crude N-phenylbenzene-1,2-diamine, 9.7 g formamidine acetate and 175 ml 2-methoxyethanol and the mixture was heated to reflux under nitrogen for 30 minutes. After cooling to 22 C, the solvent was removed and the mixture was dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following removal of the solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 50% ethyl acetate in hexane giving a tan oil.

Hau=1-Phenyl-1H-imidazole

Hav=2-Methyl-1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.0 g 2-methylbenzimidazole and 40 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 0.9 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 3.9 g 1-iodopropane were added and the mixture was heated to 45 C for 6 hours. The mixture was quenched slowly with 40 ml water, extracted twice with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using pure ethyl acetate to 5% methanol in ethyl acetate. A pale yellow oil was obtained.

Haw=2-Phenyl-1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 3.0 g 2-phenylbenzimidazole and 60 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 0.41 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, then cooled to 10 C. 3.1 g 1-iodopropane were added and the mixture was heated to 55 C for 16 hours. Another 0.8 g 1-iodopropane were added and the temperature was held at 55 C for two hours. The mixture was cooled to 22 C, quenched slowly with 40 ml water, extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using straight 67% ethyl acetate, 24% hexane and 9% methanol. An oil was obtained.

Hay=1-Propyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.0 g benzimidazole, 3.5 g potassium carbonate, 4.3 g 1-iodopropane and 20 ml N,N-dimethylformamide. The mixture was heated to 45 C under nitrogen for 16 hours and then quenched with 30 ml water and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate. Following removal of the solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 66% ethyl acetate in hexane. The brown oil was again purified by silica gel chromatography using ethyl acetate, giving a slightly yellow oil 1.5 g.

Haz=N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridin-2-ylethanamine

Hbb=N-Methyl-2-pyridin-2-ylethanamine

Hbc=2-Pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazole

Hbf=N,N-Dimethyl-1-pyridin-2-ylmethanamine

Hbj=2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole

Hbl=2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole)

2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole)

To a thick walled glass tube was added a mixture of 5.8 g 1,2-phenylene diamine dihydrochloride and 1.5 g malononitrile. The tube was flame-sealed under full vacuum and heated to ˜220 C for 1.5 hours causing the mixture to turn black. After cooling to 22 C, the black material was added to 60 ml 1M hydrochloric acid and stirred and heated to 50 C for several hours. After adding 150 mg activated carbon, the mixture was brought to reflux and filtered through celite. The clear filtrates were basified with aqueous ammonium hydroxide resulting in a cream colored solid which was filtered and washed with water. After re-slurrying the solid in hot water and filtering, the product was dried resulting in 2.5 g.

2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 1.4 g 2,2′-propane-2,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole) and 30 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 0.61 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 2.6 g 1-iodopropane were added and the mixture was stirred at 22 C for 3.5 hours. The mixture was quenched slowly with 30 ml water and stirred 16 hours. After cooling to 5 C, the solid was filtered and washed with water and purified by silica gel chromatography using 25% ethyl acetate in hexane to 50% ethyl acetate in hexane. 1.4 g of off-white solid was obtained.

Hbn=2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1,3-benzothiazole)

To a flask were added 50 g polyphosphoric acid. After heating to 70 C under nitrogen, a mixture of 3.13 g 2-aminothiophenol and 1.65 g dimethylmalonic acid was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 150 C for 2 hours, then 165 C for 3 hours. After cooling to 80 C, the mixture was poured into 100 ml water. The slurry was cooled to 5 C, filtered and the solid was washed with water. The solid was added to a mixture of 20 ml ethanol and 210 ml water at 50 C and basified with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. After cooling to 10 C, the solid was filtered and washed with water. The solid was dissolved in 50 ml hot ethanol, hot filtered and 5 ml water was added and the solution was cooled to 5 C. Following filtration, the white solid was washed with 75% ethanol and dried.

Hbs=N-Pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

Hbt=2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diyldipyridine

To a Pressure reaction bottle was added 6.9 g of 2,2′-bis(dipyridyl)ethene, 0.6 g 5% palladium on carbon, and 200 ml ethanol. The mixture was purged with hydrogen and then hydrogenated under 40 psi hydrogen for 16 hours. The catalyst was filtered off on a bed of celite. The solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in 40 ml of hot hexane, and filtered hot. After the addition of seed crystals and cooling to 10 C, the product was filtered, washed with hexane and dried, resulting in 5.3 g of an off-white solid.

Hbu=2,2′-Methylenedipyridine

To a flask were added 5 g of 2,2′-dipyridylketone, 3.2 g of potassium hydroxide, 100 ml of diethyene glycol and 3.4 g of hydrazine hydrate. The mixture was heated to 10 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, then heated to 150 C for 2 hours, and then 180 C for 3 hours. After cooling to 22 C, 150 ml of water were added and the mixture was extracted with 150 ml ethyl acetate. After washing the ethyl acetate layer twice with 50 ml of water, the solvent was removed and the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 95% ethyl acetate with 5% methanol to give 1.9 g of a light yellow oil.

Hbv=2,2′-Propane-1,3-diyldipyridine

To a flask were added 93 g of 2-picoline, 21 g of 2-vinylpyridine, 1 g of sodium and a trace of hydroquinone. The mixture was heated to 130 C under nitrogen for 2 hours. After cooling to 22 C, 200 ml of water were added and the mixture was extracted with 150 ml diethyl ether. After washing the diethyl ether layer twice with 100 ml of water, and twice with 50 ml of 10% sodium sulfite, the solvent was removed and the product was purified by vacuum distillation to give 7.5 g of a light yellow oil.

Hbz=2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine

Hca=2,4-Pentanedione

Hcb=2,5-Lutidine

Hcg=1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylmethanol

Hci=2′-(Diphenylphosphino)-N,N-dimethylbiphenyl-2-amine

Hcj=2-(Diphenylphosphino)-6-methylpyridine

Hcn=2-Mercapto-1-methylimidazole

Hco=2-Mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole

Hcp=Pyridine-2-thiol

Hcq=Pyrimidine-2-thiol

Hcr=2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole

Hcs=2-Methylbenzothiazole

Hct=1H-Benzimidazol-2-ol

Hcv=Pyridin-2-ylmethanol

Hcw=3-(Diethylamino)-1,2-propanediol

Hcx=3,3-Dimethyl-2,4-pentanedione

Hcz=3,6-Dithia-1,8-octanediol

Hdc=3-Methyl-2,2′-bipyridine

To a flask were added 1.0 g 2-bromo-3-methylpyridine and 10 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran. The solution was purged with nitrogen and 34 mg tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium was added followed by 17.4 ml of a 0.5M solution of 2-pyridylzinc bromide in tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was stirred at 22 C for 24 hours, then 40 C for 72 hours. The mixture was poured into a solution of 5 g EDTA, 2 g sodium carbonate and 40 ml water. The product was extracted twice with diethylether, washed with water and dried over sodium sulfate. Following filtration and solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 48% ethyl acetate, 48% hexane and 4% methanol. A slightly yellow oil remained 0.38 g.

Hde=4,4′-Dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine

Hdf=3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

Hdh=Phenyl(pyridin-4-yl)methanone

Hdi=N,N-Dimethylpyridin-4-amine

Hdj=4-Hydroxypyridine

Hdm=4-(3-Phenylpropyl)pyridine

Hdo=4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde

Hdp=4-Tert-butylpyridine

Hds=5-Hydroxy-2-methylpyridine

Hdt=5-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2.5 g 5-methoxybenzimidazole and 40 ml tetrahydrofuran and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 0.9 g Sodium hydride were added in portions and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. 2.6 g Dimethylsulfate were added and the mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and was stirred for 2 hours. The mixture was quenched slowly with 50 ml water and the tetrahydrofuran was removed by distillation. The product was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5% methanol in ethyl acetate to 10% methanol in ethyl acetate. 2.2 g Of off-white solid was obtained. 1.6 g Of this product was dissolved in 7 ml hot toluene and 25 ml hexane were added along with a seed crystal. After cooling to 5 C, the crystalline solid was filtered, washed with hexane and dried to give 1.2 g of a white solid as a mixture of the 5-methoxy and 6-methoxy isomers.

Hdv=8-Methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,3]thiazino[3,2-a]benzimidazole

To a flask were added 2 g 2-mercapto-5-methylbenzimidazole, 4.2 g potassium carbonate, 4.0 g 1,3-diiodopropane and 60 ml N,N-dimethylformamide. The mixture was heated to 50 C under nitrogen for 5 hours and then cooled to 22 C. The reaction was quenched with 100 ml water and the product was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and washed twice with water. Following removal of the solvent, the product was recrystallized by dissolving in a hot mixture of 50 ml hexane with 10 ml 2-propanol. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed with hexane and dried giving 0.63 g of an off-white solid.

Hdx=6,6′-Dibromo-2,2′-bipyridine

Hdy=6,6′-Dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine

Hdz=6-Butyl-6′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine

2-(Benzyloxy)-6-chloropyridine

To a flask were added 5.0 g 6-chloro-2-hydroxypyridine, 5.3 g potassium carbonate and 75 ml N,N-dimethylformamide. After cooling to 5 C under nitrogen, 5.9 g of benzyl chloride were added drop wise and the reaction mixture was warmed to 60 C for 3 hours. After cooling to 10 C, the reaction mixture was quenched with 75 ml of water and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5% ethyl acetate in hexane to give a clear colorless oil 7.9 g.

2-(Benzyloxy)-6-butylpyridine

To a flask were added 2.0 g 2-(benzyloxy)-6-chloropyridine, 5.0 ml 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 50 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran. After cooling to 5 C under nitrogen, 0.16 g iron(III) acetylacetonate were added followed by drop wise addition of 8.5 ml of a 2M solution of butylmagnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran. After stirring for 1 hour at 22 C, the reaction was cooled to 10 C and quenched with 20 ml aqueous ammonium chloride. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with hexane. After washing with water and removal of solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 1.6 g of an oil.

6-Butylpyridin-2-ol

To a pressure reaction bottle were added 1.6 g 2-(benzyloxy)-6-butylpyridine, 0.2 g 5% palladium on carbon and 50 ml ethanol. The mixture was hydrogenated at 22 C and 40 psi hydrogen for 16 hours. Following filtration through celite and solvent removal, an oil was obtained that crystallized on standing to give 0.9 g.

6-Butylpyridin-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate

To a flask were added 0.9 g 6-butylpyridin-2-ol and 10 ml pyridine and the mixture was cooled to 10 C under nitrogen. 1.85 g trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride were added slowly and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred for 16 hours. After cooling to 5 C, the mixture was quenched with 20 ml of water and extracted twice with hexane. After drying over sodium sulfate, the solution was filtered and the solvent was removed. Purification by silica gel chromatography using 5% ethyl acetate in hexane resulted in 1.2 g of a clear colorless oil.

6-Butyl-6′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine

To a flask were added 1.2 g 6-butylpyridin-2-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate, 0.36 g lithium chloride and 10 ml dry tetrahydrofuran. Addition of 12 ml of a 0.5M solution of 6-methyl-2-pyridylzinc bromide in tetrahydrofuran was followed by addition of 242 mg of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. The reaction was heated to reflux under nitrogen for 16 hours. The reaction was cooled to 22 C and quenched by adding a solution of 6 g of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid in 40 ml water pH adjusted to 8 with aqueous sodium bicarbonate. 50 ml Hexane and 20 ml ethyl acetate were added and the mixture was stirred for one hour before the aqueous layer was removed and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate. After filtration and solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 0.7 g clear colorless oil.

Hea=6-Methyl-2,2′-bipyridine

Hec=Quinolin-8-ol

Hee=Acetylcholine Chloride

Heg=Anthranil

Heh=Benzimidazole

Hei=Benzothiazole

Hej=Benzoxazole

Hen=Benzyltrimethylammonium Chloride

Heo=2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 3 g of 1,2-phenylene diamine, 1.6 g of succinic acid, and 30 ml of 4M hydrochloric acid. The mixture was heated to reflux under nitrogen for 22 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. The solid was filtered, washed with a little water and dissolved in a warm mixture of 30 ml of acetone and 40 ml of water. Enough ammonium hydroxide was added to basify the mixture, and after cooling to 22 C, the product was filtered and washed with 20 ml of 50% acetone and dried, resulting in a light pink solid.

Hes=Choline chloride

Heu=1-Pyridin-2-yl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanamine

Hew=Dipyridin-2-ylmethanone

Hez=N,N′-Bis[phenylmethylene]ethane-1,2-diamine (mixture of cis/trans isomers)

Hfc=Diethylphenylphosphine

Hfd=2-(Diphenylphosphino)pyridine

Hfe=Diphenylphosphine oxide

Hff=Di-tert-butylphosphine oxide

To a flask were added 1.0 g of di(tert-butyl)chlorophosphine and 5 ml of dichloromethane under nitrogen. After slow addition of 0.25 g of water, the mixture was stirred at 22 C for 30 minutes and the solvent was removed leaving a solid. After purification by sublimation, 0.9 g of a white solid was obtained.

Hfi=Ditetrabutylammonium malonate

To a flask were added 3.1 g malonic acid, 24.6 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water, 13 ml water and 75 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 30 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying, an oil was obtained.

Hfj=Ditetrabutylammonium phenylphosphonate

To a flask were added 2.0 g phenylphosphonic acid, 111.0 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water and 30 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 30 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying, a pinkish oil was obtained.

Hfl=Ditetrabutylammonium succinate

To a flask were added 3.5 g succinic acid, 26.4 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water, 13 ml water and 75 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 75 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying, an oil was obtained.

Hfo=Ethyldiphenylphosphine

Hfr=Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine

Hfs=Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine

To a flask were added 2.0 g of 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine, 0.12 g of tetrabutylammonium bromide, 5.7 g of chloroform, and 30 ml 1,2-dimethoxyethane. While stirring under nitrogen, 40 ml of 40% aqueous Sodium hydroxide was added and the mixture was heated to 50 C for 4.5 hours. After cooling to 22 C, the mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the ethyl acetate layer was dried over sodium sulfate. After filtration and solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using straight ethyl acetate to 5% acetonitrile in ethyl acetate resulting in a brown oil which crystallized on standing. The product was sublimed to give 0.36 g of a yellow solid.

Hfv=Isoquinoline

Hfw=Lepidine

Hfx=Lithium Acetate

Hfy=Lithium Benzoate

Hfz=Lithium Bromide

Hga=Lithium Chloride

Hgc=Lithium Diphenylphosphinate

To a flask were added 1.0 g diphenylphosphinic acid, 182 mg lithium hydroxide monohydrate, 10 ml of water and 30 ml 2-propanol. The mixture was heated to 70 C under nitrogen until a clear solution was obtained. The mixture was cooled and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product was slurried in a small amount of 2-propanol, filtered and washed with 2-propanol. After drying, a white solid was obtained.

Hgh=Lithium Salicylate

To a flask were added 10.0 g salicylic acid, 2.9 g lithium hydroxide monohydrate, 20 ml of water and 100 ml 2-propanol. The mixture was heated to 50 C for 1.5 hours and then cooled and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The product was slurried in 25 ml diethyl ether, filtered and washed with diethyl ether. After drying, 7.0 g of a white solid was obtained.

Hgi=Lithium Trifluoroacetate

Hgk=N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylpropane-1,3-diamine

Hgm=N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine

Hgp=N,N-Dipyridin-2-ylacetamide

To a flask were added 2,2′-dipyridylamine and 12 ml acetic anhydride. The mixture was heated to 110 C under nitrogen for 5 hours and cooled to 22 C. After quenching with a slow addition of aqueous sodium bicarbonate, the mixture was made basic with the addition of small portions of sodium carbonate. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate and after removal of solvent, it was purified by silica gel chromatography using 65% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 0.8 g of an oil.

Hgr=2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline hydrate

Hgt=N-Methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 1.0 g 2,2′-dipyridiylamine, 1.0 g of pulverized potassium hydroxide and 15 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring for 1 hour under nitrogen, the mixture was cooled to 5 C and 0.9 g of iodomethane were added. The mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred for 16 hours. After quenching with 15 ml water, the reaction was extracted twice with diethyl ether and washed with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 35% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 0.16 g of an oil.

Hgu=N,6-Dimethyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 0.75 g 2-(methylamino)pyridine, 1.0 g 2-bromo-6-methylpyridine, 0.95 g sodium tert-butoxide, 0.16 g 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 50 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 0.14 g of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)d2-propanollladium(0) was added and the mixture was heated to 80 C under nitrogen for 16 hours. After cooling to 22 C and quenching with 50 ml water, the product was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and washed twice with water. After filtration and solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 35% ethyl acetate in hexane resulting in an orange oil. This was dissolved in 75 ml tert-butyl methyl ether and extracted into 75 ml 1M hydrochloric acid. After basification with 3M sodium hydroxide solution, the product was extracted with 75 ml tert-butyl methyl ether. Following removal of solvent, 1.1 g of a yellow oil was obtained.

Hgw=N-Octadecyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 1.0 g 2,2′-dipyridylamine, 1.0 g of pulverized potassium hydroxide and 15 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring for 1 hour under nitrogen, the mixture was cooled to 5 C and 2.2 g of 1-iodooctadecane were added. The mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred for 16 hours, then heated to 40 C for 2 hours. After quenching with 25 ml water and cooling to 22 C, the product was filtered and washed with water. The product was dissolved in 25 ml hot ethanol with 100 mg activated carbon, stirred for 30 minutes and filtered through celite. After adding 25 ml water and cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed with water and dried leaving 2.1 g light yellow solid.

Hgx=N-Phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 0.5 g aniline, 2.1 g 2-bromopyridine, 1.3 g sodium tert-butoxide, 0.15 g 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 50 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 0.12 g of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)d2-propanollladium(0) was added and the mixture was heated to 80 C under nitrogen for 48 hours. After cooling to 22 C most of the solvent was removed and the mixture was taken up in 100 ml ethyl acetate and filtered. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 50% ethyl acetate in hexane resulting in 0.62 g of oil which crystallized on standing.

Hgz=N-Propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 5.0 g 2,2′-dipyridiylamine, 4.9 g of pulverized potassium hydroxide and 45 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring for 1 hour under nitrogen, the mixture was cooled to 5 C and 5.0 g of 1-iodopropane were added. The mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred for 5 hours. After quenching with 45 ml water, the product was extracted with ether and washed twice with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 40% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 4.8 g of nearly colorless oil.

Hha=6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-propylpyridin-2-amine

6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 0.76 g 6-methyl-2-aminopyridine, 1.0 g 2-bromo-6-methylpyridine, 0.95 g sodium tert-butoxide, 0.16 g 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 50 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 0.14 g of tris(dibenzylideneacetone)d2-propanollladium (0) was added and the mixture was heated to 80 C under nitrogen for 3 hours. After cooling to 22 C and quenching with 50 ml water, the product was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and washed twice with water. After filtration and solvent removal, the product was dissolved in 50 ml tert-butyl methyl ether and extracted into 60 ml 1M hydrochloric acid. Methanol was added and the mixture was heated to dissolve the solids and the organic layer was removed. The aqueous layer was basified with 3M sodium hydroxide solution, the product was extracted with tert-butyl methyl ether and washed with water. Following removal of solvent, an oil was obtained that was carried directly into the next step.

6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-propylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 1.0 g 6-methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine, 0.84 g of pulverized potassium hydroxide and 15 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring for 1 hour under nitrogen, the mixture was cooled to 5 C and 0.85 g of 1-iodopropane were added. The mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C and stirred for 16 hours. After quenching with 15 ml water, the product was extracted twice with diethyl ether and washed with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to give 1.0 g of a colorless oil.

Hhb=N,N-Bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)propan-1-amine

To a flask were added 1.0 g di-(2-picolyl)amine, 0.85 g of pulverized potassium hydroxide and 15 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. After stirring for 1 hour under nitrogen, the mixture was cooled to 5 C and 1.7 g of 1-iodopropane were added. The mixture was heated to 35 C and stirred for 16 hours. After quenching with 30 ml water, the product was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed twice with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using ethyl acetate to give 0.65 g of a yellow oil.

Hhc=1-Propyl-4-pyridin-4-ylpyridinium iodide

To a flask were added 1.0 g 4,4′-dipyridyl, 1.07 g 1-iodopropane and 5 g acetonitrile and the mixture was allowed to stand at 22 C for 2 months. The liquid was decanted away from the solid and the solid was dissolved in 15 ml hot acetonitrile. After hot filtration, the solution was cooled to 5 C and filtered. After washing with acetonitrile, the product was dried leaving 0.8 g red-orange solid.

Hhd=Phenoxathiin

Hhh=Poly(2-vinylpyridine)

Hhj=Potassium O,O-diethyl thiophosphate

Hhl=Quinaldine

Hhv=Sodium Iodide

Hif=Tetrabutylammonium 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxide

To a flask were added 11.0 g 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenol, 1.8 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water and 10 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 10 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. An oil was obtained which crystallized on standing.

Hii=Tetrabutylammonium Bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinate

To a flask were added 0.48 g bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid, 1.6 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water and 10 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 10 ml of 2 propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. An oil was obtained.

Hij=Tetrabutylammonium Bromide

Hik=Tetrabutylammonium Chloride

Hil=Tetrabutylammonium Di(4-Methoxyphenyl)phosphinate

To a flask were added 2.0 g bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphinic acid, 3.0 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water, 2.0 g of water and 18 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 20 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. A waxy solid was obtained.

Him=Tetrabutylammonium Dibenzoylmethanate

To a flask were added 3.0 g dibenzoylmethane, 5.7 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water and 20 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 20 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying the product, a yellow solid was obtained.

Hin=Tetrabutylammonium Dimethylolpropionate

To a flask were added 3.0 g 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid, 9.5 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water and 40 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 40 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying, a pale yellow oil was obtained.

Hio=Tetrabutylammonium Dimethylphosphinate

To a flask were added 11.0 g dimethylphosphinic acid, 4.5 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water and 20 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 20 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying, a yellow partially solidified product was obtained.

Hir=Tetrabutylammonium Iodide

Hit=Tetrabutylammonium Methylphenylphosphinate

To a flask were added 2.0 g methylphenylphosphinic acid, 5.4 g of a 55-60% solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water and 25 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 20 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying, an oil was obtained.

Hiu=Tetrabutylammonium Nitrate

Hja=Tetrabutylammonium Thiocyanate

Hjd=Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromide

Hje=Tetraethylammonium Chloride Monohydrate

Hjf=Tetraethylammonium Diphenylphosphinate

To a flask were added 1.0 g diphenylphosphinic acid, 3.2 g of a 20% solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide in water and 20 ml 2-propanol. After heating to 50 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and another 20 ml of 2-propanol were added and removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After drying, an oil was obtained.

Hjg=Tetraethylammonium Iodide

Hjr=Tris(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine

Hjs=Tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine

Hjt=Tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine

Hju=Tris(4-methylphenyl)phosphine

Hjx=Tributylphosphine oxide

Hjy=Tricyclohexylphosphine

Hka=Triethylphosphine sulfide

Hke=Triphenylphosphine

Hkf=Triphenylphosphine oxide

Hkh=Triphenylphosphite

Hna=Thiazolo[2,3-b]benzimidazole-3(2H)-one

Hnd=1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine

Hnf=2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

Hng=Tribenzylphosphine

Hnh=Benzyl(diphenyl)phosphine

Hnm=N,N-Bis[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]butanamine

2-(Chloromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a pressure reaction bottle was added 4 g N-methyl-2-nitroaniline, 0.44 g 5% palladium on carbon, and 100 ml ethanol. The mixture was hydrogenated at 22 C and 40 psi hydrogen for 2 hours. Following filtration through celite, and solvent removal, a dark red oil was obtained. To this oil was added 3.7 g chloroacetic acid and 40 ml 5M hydrochloric acid. After refluxing under nitrogen for 2.5 hours, the mixture was cooled to 22 C, diluted with 200 ml water, and neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with water and dried giving 3.7 g gray solid.

N,N-Bis[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]butanamine

To a flask were added 2.0 g 2-(chloromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole and 40 ml N,N-dimethylformamide. 0.41 g Butylamine were added dropwise followed by dropwise addition of 1.2 g of triethylamine. The reaction mixture was heated to 50 C under nitrogen for 16 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After dilution with 100 ml water, the solid was filtered and washed with water. The wet cake was dissolved in 20 ml of hot ethanol and 15 ml water was added. After cooling to 5 C, the solid was filtered and washed with 33% ethanol. The wet cake was dissolved in 15 ml of hot ethanol and 10 ml water was added. After cooling to 5 C, the solid was filtered and washed with 33% ethanol. The product was then purified by silica gel chromatography using 5% methanol in ethyl acetate to 10% methanol in ethyl acetate giving 0.93 g of a white solid.

Hnr=2,2′-Methylenebis(1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 5 g of 1,2-phenylene diamine, 2.4 g of malonic acid, and 20 g of polyphosphoric acid. The mixture was heated to 180 C under nitrogen for 4 hours, and then cooled to 150 C. After the addition of 40 ml of water, the mixture was cooled to 22 C and neutralized with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The solid was filtered and washed with water. After triturating the product in 200 ml of hot acetonitrile, the mixture was cooled to 22 C, filtered, washed with acetonitrile, and dried resulting in 2.7 g of a gray solid.

Hns=Indazole

Hnt=N′-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine

Hnu=2,2′-(1,3-Phenylene)bis(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole)

To a Pressure reaction bottle was added 2.5 g of N-methyl-2-nitroaniline, 0.3 g 5% palladium on carbon, and 65 ml ethanol. The mixture was purged with hydrogen and then hydrogenated under 40 psi hydrogen for 1 hour. The catalyst was filtered off on a bed of celite. The solvent was removed and to the resulting red oil was added 70 g of polyphosphoric acid and 1.4 g of isophthalic acid. The reaction mixture was heated to 200 C under nitrogen for 3 hours, and then cooled to 150 C. After dilution with 150 ml water, the mixture was basified with sodium hydroxide. The solid was filtered, washed with water, and then dissolved in 40 ml of hot methanol with 140 mg of activated carbon. After filtration of the activated carbon, enough water was added to turn the solution cloudy, and the mixture was decanted away from a dark oil. After cooling to 5 C, more water was added causing a precipitate which was filtered and washed with water. The solid was dissolved in 26 ml of 2-propanol, filtered hot, and 10 ml of water were added. After cooling to 10 C, the solid was filtered, washed with 50% 2-propanol, and dried, resulting in 1.1 g of an off-white solid.

Hnv=3-Methylbenzothiazole-2-thione

Hnw=1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-thiol

Hof=N-(Pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 4.7 g of 2-aminopyridine, 5.35 g of 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, and 75 ml toluene. The flask was equipped with a Dean-Stark trap and heated to reflux under nitrogen. After 16 hours, the toluene was removed and 100 ml ethanol were added followed by 2.1 g of sodium borohydride. The mixture was stirred at 22 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, and then 50 ml of water were added slowly. Following removal of the ethanol, aqueous ammonium chloride was cautiously added resulting in gas evolution. The product was extracted twice with 50 ml ethyl acetate and washed with 30 ml water. After solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5% methanol in ethyl acetate resulting in an orange oil.

Hog=2-Mercaptobenzimidazole

Hos=2-Benzylpyridine

Hou=N-Ethyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 2.5 g N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine and 40 ml N,N-dimethylformamide, and the mixture was cooled to 5 C. To this mixture was added 0.65 g of 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil in small portions, and after stirring at 5-10 C for ten minutes, 2.2 g of diethyl sulfate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 45 C for 16 hours, then cooled to 22 C and quenched with 40 ml water. The product was extracted twice with 40 ml hexane and following removal of the solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from 50% ethyl acetate, 49% hexane and 1% methanol to 60% ethyl acetate, 39% hexane, and 1% methanol resulting in 1.4 g of a yellow oil.

Hoz=N-(2-Ethylphenyl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 4.0 g of 2-ethylaniline, 10.7 g of 2-bromopyridine, 7.9 g of sodium tert-butoxide, and 165 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 205 mg of 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalenehthalene and 74 mg of palladium acetate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 75 C for 16 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After quenching with 100 ml water, the product was extracted with 100 ml ethyl acetate, and washed with 50 ml water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from 25% ethyl acetate in hexane to 50% ethyl acetate in hexane, resulting in 7.5 g of a yellow solid.

Hpg=2,6-Pyridinedicarboxamide

Hpj=2-(1H-Pyrazol-3-yl)phenol

Hpo=2-(1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol

To a Pressure reaction bottle was added 3.5 g of N-methyl-2-nitroaniline, 0.25 g 5% palladium on carbon, and 70 ml ethanol. The mixture was purged with hydrogen and then hydrogenated under 40 psi hydrogen for 1.5 hours. The catalyst was filtered off on a bed of celite. The solvent was removed and to the resulting red oil was added 2.9 g of salicylic acid, and a solution of 8 g of phosphorus pentoxide in 80 g of methanesulfonic acid. The reaction mixture was heated to 10 C under nitrogen for 16 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After dilution with 300 ml of cold water, the mixture was neutralized with sodium hydroxide. After extraction with ethyl acetate and filtration, the solvent was removed leaving an oil which partially crystallized on standing. After dissolving the product in hot 2-propanol and filtering hot, the solution was cooled to 5 C, filtered, and washed with 2-propanol. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from 80% ethyl acetate in hexane to straight ethyl acetate, resulting in 1.5 g of a tan solid.

Hqn=2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole)

2.8 g 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole) was added to 60 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. 1.21 g Of a 60% sodium hydride dispersion in mineral oil was added in portions. 6.0 g Of 1-iodopentane was added and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. After 4 hours, the reaction was quenched with 160 ml of water and then extracted with two 75 ml portions of ethyl acetate/methanol (˜99:1, v/v). The combined organic layers were washed twice with 75 ml of water. The cloudy organic layer was filtered. Following solvent removal to give a brown oil, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography increasing from 25% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexane by volume over the course of the elution. 3.46 g Of a yellow oil was obtained.

Hra=2,2′-Methylenebis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 2.0 g 2,2′-methylenebis(1H-benzimidazole), 2.8 g potassium carbonate, 100 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 2.5 g benzyl chloride were added and the mixture was heated to 70 C for 16 hours. Another 0.7 g benzyl chloride was added and the reaction was heated to 70 C for another 20 hours. The reaction was cooled to 22 C, quenched with 150 ml water and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following removal of solvent, the product was recrystallized from 10 ml ethanol, then 10 ml acetonitrile with 1 ml of water. The product was filtered and dried resulting in 0.67 g tan solid.

Hrb=2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 0.5 g 2,2′-ethane-1,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole), 0.7 g potassium carbonate, 30 ml N,N-dimethylformamide and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen. 0.6 g Benzyl chloride were added and the mixture was heated to 60 C for 16 hours. Another 0.5 g benzyl chloride were added and the reaction was heated to 70 C for another 20 hours and then cooled to 22 C. The reaction was quenched with 30 ml water and the product was filtered and washed with water. The product was re-slurried in 80 ml hot acetonitrile, cooled, filtered and dried resulting in 0.35 g of a white solid.

Hrc=2,2′-Methylenebis(1,3-benzothiazole)

To a flask were added 50 g polyphosphoric acid. After heating to 70 C under nitrogen, a mixture of 3.13 g 2-aminothiophenol and 1.3 g malonic acid was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 135 C for 1 hour, then 145 C for 1 hour. After cooling to 70 C, the mixture was poured into 100 ml water. The slurry was cooled to 22 C, filtered and the solid was washed with water. The solid was added to 50 ml ethanol and basified with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. After cooling to 5 C, the solid was filtered and washed with water. The solid was dissolved in 14 ml hot ethanol and 7 ml water was added and the solution was cooled to 5 C. Following filtration, the white solid was washed with 50% ethanol and dried, leaving 1.1 g.

Hrg=Tetrabutylammonium Diisobutyldithiophosphinate

To 40 ml of 2-propanol, 3.63 g diisobutyldithiophosphinic acid and 7.34 g of 55-60% by weight tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in water were added. The mixture was stirred under nitrogen for one hour. The solvent was removed by distillation. To remove residual water, 2-propanol was twice added and subsequently removed by distillation. The liquid was cooled to less than 0 C for 16 hours. To the precipitates that formed, a small amount of hexane was added to give a slurry. The slurry was filtered, washed with hexane, and dried under reduced pressure yielding 6.07 g of a white solid.

Hri=N,N-Bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pentan-1-amine

To 15 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide, 0.85 g potassium hydroxide, 1.0 g di(2-picolyl)amine, and 0.99 g 1-iodopentane were successively added. The mixture was stirred under nitrogen at 35 C for 2.5 hours before an additional 0.99 g 1-iodopentane were added. The mixture was then stirred for 16 hrs at 35 C under nitrogen. The reaction was quenched with 90 ml of water and extracted with two 50 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with two 25 ml portions of water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and filtered. Following solvent removal, the orange oil obtained was purified by silica gel chromatography using a methanol/ethyl acetate mixed solvent system that was ramped from 0% to 10% methanol by volume during the course of the elution. An orange oil (0.98 g) was obtained.

Hrk=1-(Chloromethyl)-4-aza-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide

20 ml Of acetone, 4.0 g of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and 20 ml of bromochloromethane, were added to a flask, capped, and stirred at room temperature. Within 45 minutes white precipitate had formed. After 3.5 hours the mixture was cooled to 0-5 C, filtered, washed with three 10 ml portions of cold acetone, and dried under reduced pressure overnight. 2.31 g Of a white solid was obtained.

Hrl=N-Methylpyridin-2-amine

Hrm=Tetraphenylphosphonium Iodide

Hry=1-Ethyl-N-methyl-N-pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine

2-Bromo-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 24 ml 48% hydrobromic acid and 120 ml methanol. The mixture was cooled to 5 C and 10 g 2-mercaptobenzimidazole was added. Maintaining a temperature of less than 10 C, 41.5 g of bromine were added in small portions. The mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C, and stirred for 16 hours under nitrogen. After cooling to 5 C, the solid was filtered and then added to 50 ml methanol containing 20 ml aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The pH was adjusted to 6.5 with acetic acid, and the mixture was cooled to 5 C. The product was filtered and washed with water, and dried. A second crop was obtained by cooling the filtrates which was filtered, washed with water and dried. The combined crops resulted in 9.05 g of a solid.

2-Bromo-1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole

To a flask were added 4 g 2-bromo-1H-benzimidazole and 60 ml tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture was cooled to 10 C. To this mixture was added 1.2 g of 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil in small portions, and after stirring at 10 C for ten minutes, 4.7 g of diethyl sulfate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 40 C for several hours, then cooled to 22 C and quenched with 100 ml water. The product was extracted twice with 50 ml ethyl acetate and following removal of the solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from 100% hexane to 25% ethyl acetate in hexane. An oil was obtained that crystallized on standing which was dried resulting in 4.2 g of a white solid.

1-Ethyl-N-methyl-N-pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine

To a flask were added 11.0 g of 2-bromo-1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole, 0.482-(methylamino)pyridine, 0.64 g of sodium tert-butoxide, and 25 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 250 mg of 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene and 64 mg of palladium acetate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 90 C for 16 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After quenching with 50 ml water, the product was extracted with 20 ml ethyl acetate. The product was extracted with 30 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid, and then basified with 3M sodium hydroxide. Following extraction with 20 ml ethyl acetate, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from 40% ethyl acetate in hexane to 70% ethyl acetate in hexane, resulting in 0.6 g of a yellow oil which crystallized on standing. The product was recrystallized from a mixture of 5 ml hexane with 1.5 ml 2-propanol. After filtration and drying of the product, a 0.44 g of a yellow solid was obtained.

Hrz=2,2-Dimethyl-N,N-dipyridin-2-ylpropanamide

To a flask were added 2.0 g of 2,2′-dipyridylamine and 35 ml of acetonitrile. The solution was stirred under nitrogen and cooled to 5 C, when 1.5 g of triethylamine were added, followed by 1.5 g of trimethylacetyl chloride and the mixture was allowed to warm to 22 C. After 1 hour, 50 ml of water were added and the acetonitrile was removed. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 50% ethyl acetate in hexane, resulting in 1.8 g of an oil that solidified on standing.

Hsc=2,2-Dimethyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpropanamide

To a flask were added 1.06 g of di-(2-picolyl)amine and 20 ml of acetonitrile. The solution was stirred under nitrogen, when 0.7 g of triethylamine were added, followed by 1.5 g of trimethylacetyl chloride. After 1 hour, 20 ml of water were added and the acetonitrile was removed. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. Following solvent removal, the product was recrystallized by dissolving in 6 ml hot hexane with 0.5 ml 2-propanol. Another 2 ml hexane were added and the mixture was cooled to 5 C, filtered, washed with hexane and dried, resulting in 1.3 g of an off-white solid.

Hss=6-methyl-N-phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

6-Methyl-N-phenylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 2.2 g of 2-amino-6-methylpyridine, 3.1 g of bromobenzene, 2.7 g of sodium tert-butoxide, and 50 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 62 mg of 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalenehthalene and 22 mg of palladium acetate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 100 C for 16 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After quenching with 50 ml water, the product was extracted with 20 ml ethyl acetate, and washed with 15 ml water. The product was extracted with 50 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid, and then basified with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. Following extraction with 20 ml ethyl acetate, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using a gradient from 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to 15% ethyl acetate in hexane, resulting in 1.3 g of a yellow-orange oil.

6-Methyl-N-phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 18.4 g of 6-methyl-N-phenylpyridin-2-amine, 15.8 g of 2-bromopyridine, 11.5 g of sodium tert-butoxide, and 250 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 270 mg of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 110 mg of palladium acetate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 90 C for 6 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After quenching with 100 ml water, the product was extracted with 75 ml ethyl acetate. The product was extracted with 50 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid, and then basified with sodium hydroxide. The mixture was cooled to 5 C, and the crude product was filtered and washed with water. The product was dissolved in 100 ml hot 2-propanol and treated with 0.4 g activated carbon. After hot filtration through a bed of celite, 150 ml of water was added slowly and the mixture was seeded to induce crystallization. After cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered and washed with 50 ml of 33% 2-propanol in water. The product was dried resulting in 21 g of a light tan solid.

Hst=N-Pyridin-2-yl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 5.2 g pulverized potassium hydroxide and 35 ml dimethylsulfoxide. After adding 3.4 g 2,2′-dipyridylamine, the mixture was stirred under nitrogen for 45 minutes, when 3.3 g 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine hydrochloride was added. After stirring for 1 hour, 100 ml of water was added and the product was extracted with 60 ml of 50% ethyl acetate, 50% hexane. The organic layer was washed with 30 ml water and the solvent was removed. The residue was added to 5 ml hot ethanol, and 20 ml of water was added. After cooling to 5 C, the solid was filtered and washed with water. The product was dissolved in 20 ml hot ethanol and treated with 150 mg activated carbon. After hot filtration through celite, 40 ml of water were added and the mixture was cooled to 5 C. The product was filtered, washed with 20 ml 20% ethanol in water, and dried resulting in 2.9 g of an off-white solid.

Hsz=N-[(6-Methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 0.6 g pulverized potassium hydroxide and 15 ml dimethylsulfoxide. After adding 1.4 g of 2,2′-dipyridylamine, the mixture was stirred under nitrogen for 45 minutes, when 1.5 g 6-methyl-2-(bromomethyl)pyridine was added. After stirring for 1 hour, 35 ml of water was added and the product was extracted with 60 ml of 50% ethyl acetate, 50% hexane. The organic layer was washed with 30 ml water and the solvent was removed. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using 48% ethyl acetate, 48% hexane, and 4% methanol resulting in 2.0 g of an oil.

Htd=2-Pyridin-2-ylethanamine

Htk=N-Methyl-N-[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]pyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 0.6 g 2-(methylamino)pyridine and 20 ml tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture was cooled to 5 C. To this mixture were added 0.26 g of 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil in small portions, and after stirring at 5-10 C for ten minutes, 1.0 g of 2-(chloromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 45 C for 16 hours, then cooled to 22 C and quenched with 40 ml water. The product was extracted with 40 ml ethyl acetate and following removal of the solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 63% ethyl acetate, 25% hexane and 12% methanol resulting in 0.55 g of a yellow solid.

Htm=N,N,N′,N′,2,2-Hexamethylpropane-1,3-diamine

Hto=6-Methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 3.2 g of 2-amino-6-methylpyridine, 4.9 g of 2-bromopyridine, 3.5 g of sodium tert-butoxide, and 120 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 83 mg of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 34 mg of palladium acetate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 65 C for 3 hours, to 75 C for 2 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After quenching with 75 ml of water, the product was extracted with 75 ml ethyl acetate. The product was extracted with 50 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid, and washed with 30 ml of ethyl acetate. After basifying with 3M sodium hydroxide, the product was extracted with 75 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 30 ml of water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 38% ethyl acetate, 50% hexane, and 12% methanol resulting in an orange oil.

Htp=P,P-Diphenyl-N,N-dipyridin-2-ylphosphinous amide

Htq=N-[(1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 1.1 g of 2,2′-dipyridylamine and 25 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide. To this mixture were added 0.32 g of 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil in small portions, and after stirring at 10 C for ten minutes, 1.2 g of 2-(chloromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole in 5 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 22 C for several hours, and then quenched with 40 ml water. The product was extracted with 50 ml ethyl acetate, and then extracted with 30 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid, and basified with 3M sodium hydroxide. Following extraction with 20 ml ethyl acetate, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 33% ethyl acetate, 62% hexane, and 5% methanol, resulting in an oil which crystallized on standing. After drying, 0.6 g of a yellow solid remained.

Hui=6-Methyl-N-[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

2-(Bromomethyl)-6-methylpyridine

To a flask containing a mixture of 15 ml of 48% hydrobromic acid and 11 ml of sulfuric acid was added 5 g of 6-methyl-2-pyridinemethanol dropwise under nitrogen. The mixture was heated to 90 C for 4 hours, and poured into 25 ml of water. After neutralization with sodium carbonate, the product was extracted with 100 ml ethyl acetate and washed with 30 ml of water. Following solvent removal, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 25% ethyl acetate in hexane, resulting in 6.3 g of a pink oil which solidified on storage at −5 C.

6-Methyl-N-[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 1.7 g pulverized potassium hydroxide and 15 ml dimethylsulfoxide. After adding 1.5 g 6-methyl-2,2′-dipyridylamine, the mixture was stirred under nitrogen for 45 minutes, when 1.6 g 2-(bromomethyl)-6-methylpyridine was added. After stirring for 1 hour, 35 ml of water was added and the product was extracted with 60 ml of 50% ethyl acetate, 50% hexane. The organic layer was washed with 30 ml water and the solvent was removed. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using 48% ethyl acetate, 48% hexane, and 4% methanol resulting in 1.95 g of a yellow oil.

Huj=N-(6-Methylpyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 1.9 g of 2-aminopyridine, 2.4 g of 6-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde and 45 ml toluene. The flask was equipped with a Dean-Stark trap and heated to reflux under nitrogen. After 16 hours, the toluene was removed and 40 ml ethanol were added followed by 0.83 g of sodium borohydride. The mixture was stirred at 22 C under nitrogen for 1 hour, and then 30 ml of water were added slowly. Following removal of the ethanol, 60 ml 1M hydrochloric acid was added cautiously, and the aqueous layer was washed with 20 ml ethyl acetate. After basifying with aqueous ammonium hydroxide, the product was extracted with 50 ml ethyl acetate and the solvent was removed. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 74% ethyl acetate, 24% hexane, and 2% methanol resulting in 1.5 g of a yellow oil that solidified on standing.

Hur=Potassium hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate

Hvm=6-Methyl-N,N-dipyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 3.7 g of 6-methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine, 9.4 g of 2-bromopyridine, 2.0 g of sodium carbonate, 0.05 g of copper bronze, 0.01 g of potassium bromide, and 5 ml of mesytylene. After stirring under nitrogen at 160 C for 10 hours, the mixture was cooled to 22 C, and 35 ml of water was added and the product was extracted with 75 ml ethyl acetate. After washing twice with 30 ml of water, the solvent was removed, and the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 75% ethyl acetate, 25% hexane, and 0.01% triethylamine resulting in 3.2 g of a yellow oil.

Hvn=2-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylquinolin-8-amine

2-Methylquinolin-8-amine

To a Pressure reaction bottle was added 5.0 g of 8-nitroquinaldine, 0.5 g 5% palladium on carbon, and 150 ml ethanol. The mixture was purged with hydrogen and then hydrogenated under 40 psi hydrogen for 16 hours. The catalyst was filtered off on a bed of celite. The solvent was removed, resulting in 4.2 g of a dark oil.

2-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)quinolin-8-amine

To a flask were added 4.2 g of 2-methylquinolin-8-amine, 4.6 g of 6-methyl-2-bromopyridine, 3.3 g of sodium tert-butoxide, and 75 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 44 mg of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 18 mg of palladium acetate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 C for 16 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After quenching with 100 ml of water, the product was extracted with 75 ml ethyl acetate. The product was extracted with 120 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid, and then basified with 3M sodium hydroxide. Following extraction with 75 ml of ethyl acetate and washing with 30 ml of water, the solvent was removed. The product was purified by dissolving in a hot mixture of 20 ml of 2-propanol and 5 ml of water, and after cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed with 50% 2-propanol, and dried, resulting in 4.5 g of a tan solid.

2-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylquinolin-8-amine

To a flask were added 2.5 g of 2-methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)quinolin-8-amine, 4.7 g of 2-bromopyridine, 1.6 g of sodium carbonate, 51 mg of copper bronze, 5 mg of potassium bromide, and 3 ml of mesytylene. After stirring under nitrogen at 160 C for 16 hours, the mixture was cooled to 22 C, and 35 ml of water was added and the product was extracted with 50 ml ethyl acetate. After washing twice with 20 ml of water, the solvent was removed, and the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 50% ethyl acetate, 50% hexane, and 0.1% triethylamine resulting in 3.0 g of a light yellow oil.

Hvo=6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 3.1 g of 2-amino-6-methylpyridine, 5.0 g of 2-bromo-6-methylpyridine, 3.6 g of sodium tert-butoxide, and 150 ml toluene. The mixture was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and 160 mg of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 65 mg of palladium acetate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 C for 3 hours, and then cooled to 22 C. After quenching with 100 ml of water, the product was extracted with 75 ml ethyl acetate. The product was extracted with 75 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid, and then basified with 3M sodium hydroxide. Following extraction with 75 ml of ethyl acetate and washing with 30 ml of water, the solvent was removed. The product was purified by dissolving in a minimum amount of hot 2-propanol, and after cooling to 5 C, the product was filtered, washed with cold 2-propanol, and dried, resulting in 3.3 g of a tan solid.

6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine

To a flask were added 2.0 g of 6-methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine, 4.7 g of 2-bromopyridine, 1.6 g of sodium carbonate, 51 mg of copper bronze, 5 mg of potassium bromide, and 3 ml of mesytylene. After stirring under nitrogen at 160 C for 16 hours, the mixture was cooled to 22 C, and 35 ml of water was added and the product was extracted with 50 ml ethyl acetate. After washing twice with 20 ml of water, the solvent was removed, and the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 60% ethyl acetate, 40% hexane, and 0.1% triethylamine resulting in 2.2 g of a yellow oil.

Hvw=2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole)

To a flask were added 1.5 g of 2,2′-(1,2-phenylene)bis(1H-benzimidazole) and 30 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide, and the mixture was cooled to 5 C. To this mixture was added 0.48 g of 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil in small portions, and after stirring at 5-10 C for 30 minutes, 2.4 g of 1-1-iodopentane were added. The reaction mixture was warmed to 22 C for and stirred for 16 hours, then quenched with 50 ml water. The product was extracted with 40 ml ethyl acetate and following removal of the solvent, the product was purified by silica gel chromatography using 25% ethyl acetate, 75% hexane and 0.1% triethylamine resulting in 2.1 g of a yellow solid.

Hwa=3-Methylpyridazine

Hwc=1-Butyl-1H-imidazole

Hwq=Hexamethylphosphoramide 

1. A thermochromic system comprising a nickel metal ion and a ligand, the ligand comprising a nitrogen-containing five- or six-membered heterocyclic compound that coordinates through the nitrogen atom to the nickel metal ion in a HεMLC formed between the nickel metal ion and the ligand, wherein heating the system from 25° C. to 85° C. causes an increase in the concentration of the HεMLC.
 2. The thermochromic system of claim 1 wherein the ligand has the following structure:

wherein X₁ and X₃ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C, C—R, N, and N—R; X₂ is C or C—R; X₄ is C, C—R, N, N—R, O, S or Se; X₅ is C, N, S, C—R, each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted straight or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl, and combinations thereof, provided that optionally two or more R groups may be joined to form one or more substituted or unsubstituted fused saturated or unsaturated ring systems.
 3. The thermochromic system of claim 2 wherein the ligand is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, pyrazole, indazole, imidazopyridine, triazole, thiazole, oxazole, thiatriazole, benzisoxazole, triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, benzisoxazole, thiadiazole, benzothiadiazole, indolenine and mixtures thereof.
 4. The thermochromic system of claim 1 wherein the ligand comprises a tridentate ligand that coordinates through 3 nitrogen atoms.
 5. The thermochromic system of claim 4 wherein the tridentate ligand has the following structure:

wherein X and Y are independently chosen from (CH₂)_(n) with n=1 to 3 and R is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl and combinations thereof and wherein each

independently represents a nitrogen-containing five or six membered ring.
 6. The thermochromic system of claim 1 further comprising a halide; and the ligand has the following structure:

wherein 1 or 2 of X, Y and Z are (CH₂)_(n) wherein n=1 to 2 and the others are a direct bond, each

independently represents a nitrogen-containing five or six membered ring.
 7. The thermochromic system of claim 1 wherein the ligand comprises a bidentate ligand that coordinates through a nitrogen atom and a phosphorus atom.
 8. The thermochromic system of claim 1 wherein the ligand comprises an ortho hindered pyridine monodentate ligand having the following structure:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of a halide, an substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl and combinations thereof.
 9. The thermochromic system of claim 1 wherein the ligand comprises a bidentate ligand that coordinates through two nitrogen atoms.
 10. The thermochromic system of claim 9 wherein the bidentate ligand has the following structure:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(n) n=1 to 4,

N—R,

R, R₁, R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl and combinations thereof.
 11. The thermochromic system of claim 10 wherein the bidentate ligand is selected from the group consisting of 2,2′-Butane-1,1-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Methylenebis(1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1,3-benzothiazole); N-Pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diyldipyridine; 2,2′-Methylenedipyridine; 2,2′-Propane-1,3-diyldipyridine; 2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole); N-Methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N,6-Dimethyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Octadecyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-propylpyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine; N-(Pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; N-Ethyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; N-(2-Ethylphenyl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Methylenebis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Methylenebis(1,3-benzothiazole); 1-Ethyl-N-methyl-N-pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine; 6-methyl-N-phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Pyridin-2-yl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; N-[(6-Methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Methyl-N-[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]pyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-[(1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-(6-Methylpyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N,N-dipyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylquinolin-8-amine; 6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole); N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridin-2-ylethanamine; N-Methyl-2-pyridin-2-ylethanamine; N,N-Dimethyl-1-pyridin-2-ylmethanamine and combinations thereof.
 12. The thermochromic system of claim 1 wherein the thermochromic system comprises a halide ion.
 13. A thermochromic system which comprises: a) a transition metal ion; b) a halide; and c) a ligand capable of forming a HεMLC with the halide and the transition metal ion wherein the ligand has the following structure:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of (CH₂)_(n) where n=1 to 4,

where R, R₁, R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aralkyl and combinations thereof and wherein each

independently represents a nitrogen-containing five or six membered ring.
 14. The thermochromic system of claim 13 wherein each

independently represents substituted or unsubstituted imidazole, pyridine, benzimidazole, benzothiazoles, indazoles, or pyrazole.
 15. The thermochromic system of claim 14 wherein the ligand capable of forming a HεMLC is selected from the group consisting of 2,2′-Butane-1,1-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Methylenebis(1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1-propyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1,3-benzothiazole); N-Pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diyldipyridine; 2,2′-Methylenedipyridine; 2,2′-Propane-1,3-diyldipyridine; 2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(1H-benzimidazole); N-Methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N,6-Dimethyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Octadecyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Propyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-propylpyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine; N-(Pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; N-Ethyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; N-(2-Ethylphenyl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2,2′-Propane-2,2-diylbis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Methylenebis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Ethane-1,2-diylbis(1-benzyl-1H-benzimidazole); 2,2′-Methylenebis(1,3-benzothiazole); 1-Ethyl-N-methyl-N-pyridin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine; 6-methyl-N-phenyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Pyridin-2-yl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; N-[(6-Methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-Methyl-N-[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]pyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-[(1-Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N-[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; N-(6-Methylpyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyridin-2-amine; 6-Methyl-N,N-dipyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylquinolin-8-amine; 6-Methyl-N-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-N-pyridin-2-ylpyridin-2-amine; 2,2′-(1,2-Phenylene)bis(1-pentyl-1H-benzimidazole); N,N-Dimethyl-2-pyridin-2-ylethanamine; N-Methyl-2-pyridin-2-ylethanamine; N,N-Dimethyl-1-pyridin-2-ylmethanamine and combinations thereof.
 16. The thermochromic system of claim 15 wherein the thermochromic system exhibits a reversible change in absorbance over the range of temperatures from 25° C. to 85° C.
 17. The thermochromic system of claim 14 wherein the thermochromic system exhibits a reversible change in absorbance over the range of temperatures from 25° C. to 85° C.
 18. The thermochromic system of claim 13 wherein the thermochromic system exhibits a reversible change in absorbance over the range of temperatures from 25° C. to 85° C. 